Center for Infectious Disease Research And Policy

 Home  _  Mission & Activities  _  About Us  _  Your Support  _  Contact Us 
 
Influenza
  
_
General Info/
Vaccines
Influenza
  
_
Novel H1N1
(Swine) Flu
Influenza
  
_
Avian Flu
Influenza
  
_
Pandemic Flu
Influenza
  
_
Business Planning
Influenza
Bioterrorism
  
_
General Info
Bioterrorism
  
_
Anthrax
  _ _
   _    News
  _ _
   Current item    Overview
  _ _
   _    Clinical Pathway
  _ _
   _    Images
  _ _
   _    Resource List
  _ _
   _    Selected Reading
  _ _
   _    Guidelines
  _ _
   _    More Links
  _ _
Bioterrorism
  
_
Botulism
Bioterrorism
  
_
Plague
Bioterrorism
  
_
Smallpox
Bioterrorism
  
_
Tularemia
Bioterrorism
  
_
VHF
Bioterrorism
Biosecurity
  
_
Agriculture
Biosecurity
  
_
Food
Biosecurity
Food Safety
  
_
General Info
Food Safety
  
_
Irradiation
Food Safety
  
_
Foodborne Disease
Food Safety
Other Topics
  
_
Antimicrobial Resistance
Other Topics
  
_
BSE & vCJD
Other Topics
  
_
SARS
Other Topics
  
_
West Nile
Other Topics
  
_
Monkeypox
Other Topics
  
_
Chemical Terrorism
Other Topics
_
_
Bioterrorism

BIOTERRORISM >>  ANTHRAX >>  OVERVIEW >> 

_
 

Bibliography

Abramova FA, Grinberg LM, Yampolskaya OV, et al. Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993 Mar 15;90(6):2291-4 [Full text]

Abshire TG, Brown JE, Ezzell JW. Production and validation of the use of gamma phage for identification of Bacillus anthracis. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Sep;43(9):4780-8 [Full text]

ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Advisory to physicians on anthrax and treatment of pregnant or lactating women [Full text]

AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). Pediatric anthrax: implications for bioterrorism preparedness. Publication 06-E013. 2006 Aug [Full text]

Alexander JJ, Coangelo PM, Cooper CK, et al. Amoxicillin for postexposure inhalational anthrax in pediatrics: rationale for dosing recommendations. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008 Nov;27(11):955-7 [Abstract]

Allen JS, Skowera A, Rubin GJ, et al. Long-lasting T cell responses to biological warfare vaccines in human vaccinees. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Jul 1;43(1):1-7 [Full text]

Aloni-Grinstein R, Gat O, Altboum Z, et al. Oral spore vaccine based on live attenuated nontoxinogenic Bacillus anthracis expressing recombinant mutant protective antigen. Infect Immun 2005 Jul;73(7):4043-53 [Full text]

Amidi S, Dutz W, Kohout E, et al. Human anthrax in Iran: report of 300 cases and review of literature. Tropenmed Parasitol 1974 Mar;25(1):96-104

Anaraki S, Addiman S, Nixon G, et al. Investigations and control measures following a case of inhalation anthrax in East London in a drum maker and drummer, October 2008. Eurosurveill 2008 Dec 18;13(51):pii=19076 [Full text]

Andrew MA, Easterling TR, Carr DB, et al. Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in pregnant women: modeling and simulations of dosage strategies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007 Apr;81(4):547-56 [Abstract]

APIC (Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology)/CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Bioterrorism readiness plan: a template for healthcare facilities. 1999 Apr 13 [Full text]

APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service). Summary of selected disease events July-September 2006. (Info sheet) 2006 Oct 30 [Full text]

ASM (American Society for Microbiology). Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases: packing and shipping infectious substances. 2008 Jan 1 [Full text]

Athamna A, Athamna M, Abu-Rashed N, et al. Selection of Bacillus anthracis isolates resistant to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004 Aug;54(2):424-8 [Full text]

Athamna A, Athamna M, Nura A, et al. Is in vitro antibiotic combination more effective than single-drug therapy against anthrax? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005 Apr;49(4):1323-5 [Full text]

Avashia SB, Riggins WS, Lindley C, et al. Fatal pneumonia among metalworkers due to inhalation exposure to Bacillus cereus containing Bacillus anthracis toxin genes. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Feb 1;44(3):414-6 [Full text]

Baggett HC, Rhodes JC, Fridkin SK, et al. No evidence of a mild form of inhalational Bacillus anthracis infection during a bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax outbreak in Washington, DC, in 2001. Clin Infect Dis 2005 Oct 1;41(7):991-7 [Full text]

Barrier Products, LLC. BioSeal Systems [Home page]

Barrow EW, Dreier J, Reinelt S, et al. In vitro efficacy of new antifolates against trimethoprim-resistant Bacillus anthracis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Dec;51(12):4447-52 [Full text]

Beatty ME, Ashford DA, Griffin PM, et al. Gastrointestinal anthrax: review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 2003 Nov 10;163(20):2527-31 [Abstract]

Beecher DJ. Forensic application of microbiological culture analysis to identify mail intentionally contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006 Aug;72(8):5304-10 [Abstract]

Begier EM, Barrett NL, Mshar PA, et al. Gram-positive rod surveillance for early anthrax detection. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Sep;11(9):1483-6 [Full text]

Bell DM, Kozarsky PE, Stephens DS. Clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Feb;8(2):222-5 [Full text]

Bhattacharjee Y, Enserink M. Anthrax investigation: FBI discusses microbial forensics—but key questions remain unanswered. Science 2008 Aug 22;321(5892):1026-7 [Full text]

Biagini RE, Sammons DL, Smith JP, et al. Rapid, sensitive, and specific lateral-flow immunochromatographic device to measure anti-anthrax protective antigen immunoglobulin g in serum and whole blood. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006 May;13(5):541-6 [Full text]

Bischof TS, Hahn BL, Sohnle PG. Characteristics of spore germination in a mouse model of cutaneous anthrax. J Infect Dis 2007 Mar 15;195(6):888-94 [Full text]

Black DG, Taylor TM, Kerr HJ, et al. Decontamination of fluid milk containing Bacillus spores using commercial household products. J Food Prot 2008 Mar;71(3):473-8 [Abstract]

Blank S, Moskin LC, Zucker JR. An ounce of prevention is a ton of work: mass antibiotic prophylaxis for anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):615-22 [Full text]

Booth MG, Hood J, Brooks TJ, et al. Anthrax infection in drug users. Lancet 2010 Apr 17;375(9723):1345-6 [Full text]

Borio LL, Gronvall GK. Anthrax countermeasures: current status and future needs. Biosecur Bioterror 2005;3(2):102-12 [Abstract]

Bouzianas DG. Medical countermeasures to protect humans from anthrax bioterrorism. Trends Microbiol 2009 Nov;17(11):522-8 [Abstract]

Brachman PS. Anthrax. In: Warren KS, Mahmoud AF, eds. Tropical and geographic medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984:826-30

Brachman PS. Inhalation anthrax. Ann NY Acad Sci 1980;353:83-93

Brachman PS, Gold H, Plotkin SA, et al. Field evaluation of a human anthrax vaccine. Am J Public Health 1962;52(4):632-45 [Full text]

Brachman PS, Plotkin SA, Bumford FH, et al. An epidemic of inhalation anthrax: the first in the twentieth century. II. Epidemiology. Am J Hyg 1960;72:6-23

Bravata DM, Holty JE, Wang E, et al. Inhalational, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous anthrax in children: a systematic review of cases: 1900 to 2005. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007 Sep;161(9):896-905 [Full text]

Bravata DM, Zaric GS, Holty JE, et al. Reducing mortality from anthrax bioterrorism: strategies for stockpiling and dispensing medical and pharmaceutical supplies. Biosecur Bioterr 2006;4(3):244-62 [Abstract]

Brook I, Elliott TB, Pryor HI 2nd, et al. In vitro resistance of Bacillus anthracis Sterne to doxycycline, macrolides and quinolones. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001 Dec;18(6):559-6 [Abstract]

Brookmeyer R, Blades N. Prevention of inhalational anthrax in the US outbreak. Science 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1861

Brookmeyer R, Blades N, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The statistical analysis of truncated data: application to the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak. Biostatistics 2001 Jun;2(2):233-47 [Abstract]

Brouillard JE, Terriff CM, Tofan A, et al. Antibiotic selection and resistance issues with fluoroquinolones and doxycycline against bioterrorism agents. Pharmacotherapy 2006 Jan;26(1):3-14 [Abstract]

Brown GS, Betty RG, Brockmann JE, et al. Evaluation of a wipe surface sample method for collection of Bacillus spores from nonporous surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 Feb;73(3):706-10 [Full text]

Canter DA. Addressing residual risk issues at anthrax cleanups: how clean is safe? J Toxicol Environ Health A 2005 Jun 11-25;68(11-12):1017-32 [Abstract]

Cavallo JD, Ramisse F, Girardet M, et al. Antibiotic susceptibilities of 96 isolates of Bacillus anthracis isolated in France between 1994 and 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Jul;46(7):2307-9 [Full text]

CDC. Algorithm for laboratory diagnosis of anthrax [Web page]

CDC. Anthrax: collecting, preparing, and shipping serum samples to CDC for serology testing [Full text]

CDC. Approved tests for the detection of Bacillus anthracis in the Laboratory Response Network [Web page]

CDC. Basic laboratory protocols for the presumptive identification of Bacillus anthracis. 2001 Apr 18 [Full text]

CDC. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (BMBL). Ed 5, 2007 [Full text]

CDC. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR 1997 May 2;46(RR10):1-55 [Full text]

CDC. CDC update: CDC case definition of anthrax and summary of confirmed cases. 2001 Oct 21 [Press release]

CDC. CDC collaboration yields new test for anthrax. 2004 Jun 7 [Press release]

CDC. CDC responds: an update on treatment options for postal and other workers exposed to anthrax. 2001 Dec 27 [Transcript]

CDC. Clinical diagnosis and management of anthrax—lessons learned. 2001 Nov 29

CDC. Considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. MMWR 2001 Nov 9;50(44):984-6 [Full text]

CDC. Cutaneous anthrax associated with drum making using goat hides from West Africa—Connecticut, 2007. MMWR 2008 Jun 13;57(23):628-31 [Full text]

CDC. Facts about the Laboratory Response Network [Web page]

CDC. Gastrointestinal anthrax after an animal-hide drumming event—New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 2009. MMWR 2010 Jul 23;59(28):872-7 [Full text]

CDC. Human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock—North Dakota, 2000. MMWR 2001 Aug 17;50(32):677-80 [Full text]

CDC. Human ingestion of Bacillus anthracis-contaminated meat—Minnesota, August 2000. MMWR 2000 Sep 15;49(36):813-6 [Full text]

CDC. Inadvertent laboratory exposure to Bacillus anthracis—California, 2004. MMWR 2005 Apr 1;54(12);301-4 [Full text]

CDC. Inhalation anthrax associated with dried animal hides—Pennsylvania and New York City, 2006. MMWR 2006 Mar 17;55(10):280-2 [Full text]

CDC. Interim guidelines for investigation of and response to Bacillus anthracis exposures. MMWR 2001 Nov 9;50(44):987-90 [Full text]

CDC. Interim recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for children and breastfeeding mothers and treatment of children with anthrax. MMWR 2001 Nov 16;50(45):1014-6 [Full text]

CDC. Interim recommendations for the selection and use of protective clothing and respirators against biological agents [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines, October 2001. MMWR 2001 Oct 19;50(41):889-93 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR 2001 Nov 2;50(43):941-8 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001. MMWR 2001 Oct 26;50(42):909-19 [Full text].

CDC. Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. MMWR 2002 Dec 6;51(RR19):1-8 [Full text]

CDC. Medical examiners, coroners, and biologic terrorism: a guidebook for surveillance and case management. MMWR 2004 Jun 11;53(RR8):1-27 [Full text]

CDC. Protecting investigators performing environmental sampling for Bacillus anthracis: personal protective equipment [Full text]

CDC. Q & A: anthrax and animal hide drums [Full text]

CDC. Recommended specimens for microbiology and pathology for diagnosis: inhalation, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal anthrax [Web page]

CDC. Responding to detection of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis by autonomous detection systems in the workplace. MMWR 2004 Jun 4;53(RR7):1-12 [Full text]

CDC. Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1994. MMWR 1995 Oct 6;43(53):1-80 [Full text]

CDC. Surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination—US Department of Defense, 1998-2000. MMWR 2000 Apr 28;49(16):341-5 [Full text]

CDC. Suspected cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker—Texas, 2002. MMWR 2002 Apr 5;51(13):279-81 [Full text]

CDC. Syndromic surveillance: reports from a national conference, 2004. MMWR 2005 Aug 26;54(suppl) [Full text]

CDC. The Laboratory Response Network [PowerPoint presentation]

CDC. Updated recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis among asymptomatic pregnant women after exposure to Bacillus anthracis. MMWR 2001 Nov 2;50(43):960 [Full text]

CDC. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR 2010 Jul 23;59(RR6):1-30 [Full text]

CDC/APHIS. HHS and USDA select agents and toxins. 7 CFR part 331, 9 CFR part 121, and 42 CFR part 73. 2008 Nov 17 [Web page]

CDC/ASM/APHL (Association of Public Health Laboratories). Basic diagnostic testing protocols for level A laboratories for the presumptive identification of Bacillus anthracis. 2002 Mar 18 [Full text]

Christie B. Heroin contaminated with anthrax has killed 11 people. BMJ 2010 Feb 15;340:c937 [Full text]

Coker PR, Smith KL, Fellows PF, et al. Bacillus anthracis virulence in guinea pigs vaccinated with anthrax vaccine adsorbed is linked to plasmid quantities and clonality. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Mar;41(3):1212-8 [Full text]

Coker PR, Smith KL, Hugh-Jones ME. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of diverse Bacillus anthracis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Dec;46(12):3843-5 [Full text]

Coleman ME, Thran B, Morse SS, et al. Inhalation anthrax: dose response and risk analysis. Biosecur Bioterror 2008 Jun;6(2):147-60 [Abstract]

Coppen MJ, Noble CJ, Aubrey C. Evaluation of buffy-coat microscopy for the early diagnosis of bacteraemia. J Clin Pathol 1981 Dec;34(12):1375-7 [Full text]

Dauphin LA, Newton BR, Rasmussen MV, et al. Gamma irradiation can be used to inactivate Bacillus anthracis spores without compromising the sensitivity of diagnostic assays. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008 Jul;74(14):4427-33 [Full text]

Davies JC. A major epidemic of anthrax in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 1982;28:291-8

De BK, Bragg SL, Sanden GN, et al. A two-component direct fluorescent-antibody assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1060-5 [Full text]

Dembek ZF, Pavlin JA, Kortepeter MG. Epidemiology of biowarfare and bioterrorism. In: Dembek ZF, ed. Textbooks of military medicine: medical aspects of biological warfare. Washington, DC: Borden Institute, 2007:39-68 [Full text]

Dewan PK, Fry AM, Laserson K, et al. Inhalational anthrax outbreak among postal workers, Washington, DC, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1066-72 [Full text]

DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency). Soviet biological warfare threat. Publication DST-161OF-057-86. 1986 [Full text]

Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, et al. Anthrax. N Engl J Med 1999 Sep 9:341(11):815-26 [Full text]

DoD (Department of Defense). DoD to resume anthrax vaccinations. 2006 Oct 16 [Press release]

Doganay M, Almac A, Hanagasi R. Primary throat anthrax: a report of six cases. Scand J Infect Dis 1986;18(5):415-9 [Abstract]

Doganay M, Metan G. Human anthrax in Turkey from 1990 to 2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009 Apr;9(2):131-40 [Abstract]

Donegan S, Bellamy R, Gamble CL. Vaccines for preventing anthrax. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD006403 [Abstract]

Doolan DL, Freilich DA, Brice GT, et al. The US Capitol bioterrorism anthrax exposures: clinical epidemiological and immunological characteristics. J Infect Dis 2007 Jan 15;195(2):174-84 [Full text]

Doust JY, Sarkarzadeh A, Kavoossi K. Corticosteroid in treatment of malignant edema of chest wall and neck (anthrax). Dis Chest 1968 Jun;53(6):773-4

DuBois AB, Freytag LC, Clements JD. Evaluation of combinatorial vaccines against anthrax and plague in a murine model. Vaccine 2007 Jun 11;25(24):4747-54 [Full text]

Dull PM, Wilson KE, Kournikakis B, et al. Bacillus anthracis aerosolization associated with a contaminated mail sorting machine. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1044-7 [Full text]

Emergent BioSolutions. BioThrax package insert [Full text]

Emergent BioSolutions. Emergent BioSolutions signs contract with BARDA/NIAID, valued at up to $29.7 million, to fund development of AV7909 - a next generation anthrax vaccine. 2008 Sep 12 [Press release]

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Anthrax spore decontamination using hydrogen peroxide vapor. 2007 Jul [Full text]

Fasanella A, Losito S, Adone R, et al. PCR assay to detect Bacillus anthracis spores in heat-treated specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Feb;41(2):896-9 [Full text]

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation). FBI and Justice Department response to NAS review of scientific approaches used during the investigation of the 2001 anthrax letters. 2011 Feb 15 [Press release]

FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Doxycycline and penicillin G procaine administration for inhalational anthrax (post-exposure). Fed Reg 2001 Nov 2;66(213):55679-82 [Full text]

FDA. Levaquin (levofloxacin) information for inhalational anthrax. [Web page]

Fennelly KP, Davidow AL, Miller SL, et al. Airborne infection with Bacillus anthracis—from mills to mail. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jun:10(6):996-1002 [Full text]

Fine AM, Wong JB, Fraser HS, et al. Is it influenza or anthrax? A decision analytic approach to the treatment of patients with influenza-like illnesses. Ann Emerg Med 2004 Mar;43(3):318-28 [Abstract]

Fitch JP, Raber E, Imbro DR. Technology challenges in responding to biological or chemical attacks in the civilian sector. Science 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1350-4 [Abstract]

Franco C, Bouri N. Environmental decontamination following a large-scale bioterrorism attack: federal progress and remaining gaps. Biosecur Bioterror 2010 Jun;8(2):107-17 [Abstract]

Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997 Aug 6;278(5):399-411 [Abstract]

Frawley DA, Samaan MN, Bull RL, et al. Recovery efficiencies of anthrax spores and ricin from nonporous or nonabsorbent and porous or absorbent surfaces by a variety of sampling methods. J Forensic Sci 2008 Sep;53(5):1102-7 [Abstract]

Freedman A, Afonja O, Chang MW, et al. Cutaneous anthrax associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and coagulopathy in a 7-month-old infant. JAMA 2002 Feb 20;287(7):869-74 [Full text]

Gierczynski R, Zasada AA, Raddadi N, et al. Specific Bacillus anthracis identification by a plcR-targeted restriction site insertion-PCR (RSI-PCR) assay. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007 Jul;272(1):55-9 [Abstract]

Giorno R, Bozue J, Cote C, et al. Morphogenesis of the Bacillus anthracis spore. J Bacteriol 2007 Feb;189(3):691-705 [Full text]

Gladstone GP. Immunity to anthrax: protective antigen present in cell-free culture filtrates. Br J Exp Pathol 1946 Dec;27(6):394-418

Gold H. Anthrax: a report of one hundred seventeen cases. Arch Intern Med 1955 Sep;96(3):387-96

Gold JA, Hoshino Y, Hoshino S, et al. Exogenous gamma and alpha/beta interferon rescues human macrophages from cell death induced by Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 2004 Mar;72(3):1291-7 [Full text]

Good KM, Houser AM, Arntzen L, et al. Naturally acquired anthrax antibodies in a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Botswana. J Wildl Dis 2008 Jul;44(3):721-3 [Full text]

Griffith KS, Mead P, Armstrong GL, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax in an elderly woman, Connecticut, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):681-8 [Full text]

Guarner J, Jernigan JA, Shieh WJ, et al. Pathology and pathogenesis of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax. Am J Pathol 2003 Aug;163(2):701-9 [Full text]

Hanna P. Anthrax pathogenesis and host response. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998;225:13-35

Hatami H, Ramazankhani A, Mansoori F. Two cases of gastrointestinal anthrax with an unusual presentation from Kermanshah (western Iran). Arch Iran Med 2010;13(2):156-9 [Abstract]

Henderson DA. The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science 1999 Feb 26;283(5406):1279-82 [Abstract]

Henderson DW, Peacock S, Belton FC. Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey. J Hyg 1956;54:28-36 [Full text]

HGS (Human Genome Sciences). Human Genome Sciences begins delivery of first-in-class anthrax treatment to US Strategic National Stockpile. 2009 Feb 2 [Press release]

HHS (Department of Health and Human Services). HHS to acquire anthrax immune globulin for stockpile. 2006 Jul 28 [Press release]

HHS. HHS to acquire new anthrax therapeutic treatment for stockpile. 2006 Jun 20 [Press release]

HHS. Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins: final rule. 42 CFR parts 72 and 73. Fed Reg 2005 Mar 18;70(52):13294-325 [Full text]

Higgins JA, Ibrahim MS, Knauert FK, et al. Sensitive and rapid identification of biological threat agents. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999;894:130-48

Hilgren J, Swanson KMJ, Diez-Gonzalez F, et al. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores by liquid biocides in the presence of food residue. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 Oct;73(20):6370-7 [Full text]

Hindson BJ, Brown SB, Marshall GD, et al. Development of an automated sample preparation module for environmental monitoring of biowarfare agents. Anal Chem 2004 Jul 1;76(13):3492-7 [Abstract]

Hoffmaster AR, Fitzgerald CC, Ribot E, et al. Molecular subtyping of Bacillus anthracis and the 2001 bioterrorism-associated anthrax outbreak, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1111-6 [Full text Full text ]

Hoffmaster AR, Meyer RF, Bowen MP, et al. Evaluation and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. (Letter) Emerging Infect Dis 2002 Oct; 8(10):1178-82 [Full text]

Hoffmaster AR, Meyer RF, Bowen MP, et al. Supplement to above. Emerging Infect Dis 2002 Oct; 8(10) [Full text]

Hoffmaster AR, Ravel J, Rasko DA, et al. Identification of anthrax toxin genes in a Bacillus cereus associated with an illness resembling inhalation anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004 Jun 1;101(22):8449-54 [Full text]

Holty JE, Bravata DM, Liu H, et al. Systematic review: a century of inhalational anthrax cases from 1900 to 2005. Ann Intern Med 2006 Feb 21;144(4):270-80 [Abstract]

Holty JE, Kim RY, Bravata DM. Anthrax: a systematic review of atypical presentations. Ann Emerg Med 2006 Aug;48(2):200-11 [Abstract]

Holtz TH, Ackelsberg J, Kool JL, et al. Isolated case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):689-96 [Full text]

Howell JM, Mayer TA, Hanfling D, et al. Screening for inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism: evaluating proposed screening protocols. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Dec 15;39(12):1842-7 [Full text]

HPA (Health Protection Agency, United Kingdom). Guidelines for action in the event of a deliberate release of anthrax. Version 5.9. 2007 Apr 16 [Full text]

Hsu VP, Lukacs SL, Handzel T, et al. Opening a Bacillus anthracis-containing envelope, Capitol Hill, Washington, DC: the public health response. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1039-43 [Full text]

Hugh-Jones M, Blackburn J. The ecology of Bacillus anthracis. Mol Aspects Med 2009 Dec;30(6):356-67 [Abstract]

Hupert N, Bearman GML, Mushlin AI, et al. Accuracy of screening for inhalational anthrax after a bioterrorist attack. Ann Intern Med 2003 Sep 2;139(5 pt 1):337-45 [Abstract]

Hupert N, Wattson D, Cuomo J, et al. Anticipating demand for emergency health services due to medication-related adverse events after rapid mass prophylaxis campaigns. Acad Emerg Med 2007 Mar;14(3):268-74 [Abstract]

Hupert N, Wattson D, Cuomo J, et al. Predicting hospital surge after a large-scale anthrax attack: a model-based analysis of CDC's cities readiness initiative prophylaxis recommendations. Med Decis Making 2009 Jul-Aug;29(4):424-37 [Abstract]

Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, et al, for the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA 2002 May 1;287(17):2236-52 [Full text]

Jernigan DB, Raghunathan PL, Bell BP, et al. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1019-28 [Full text]

Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Nov-Dec;7(6):933-44 [Full text]

Kadanali A, Tasyaran MA, Kadanali S. Anthrax during pregnancy: case reports and review. Clin Infect Dis 2003 May 15;36(10):1343-6 [Full text]

Kanafani ZA, Ghossain A, Sharara AI, et al. Endemic gastrointestinal anthrax in 1960s Lebanon: clinical manifestations and surgical findings. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 May;9(5):520-5 [Full text]

Keim P, Klevytska AM, Price LB, et al. Molecular diversity in Bacillus anthracis. J Appl Microbiol 1999 Aug; 87(2):215-7 [Abstract]

Keim P, Price LB, Klevytska AM, et al. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 2000 May;182(10):2928-36 [Abstract]

Kenefic LJ, Beaudry J, Trim C, et al. High resolution genotyping of Bacillus anthracis outbreak strains using four highly mutable single nucleotide repeat markers. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008 May;46(5):600-3 [Full text]

Kim W, Kim JY, Cho SL, et al. Glycosyltransferase—a specific marker for the discrimination of Bacillus anthracis from the Bacillus cereus group. J Med Microbiol 2008 Mar;57(3):279-86 [Full text]

King D, Luna V, Cannons A, et al. Performance assessment of three commercial assays for direct detection of Bacillus anthracis spores. (Letter) J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):3454-5 [Full text]

Kirby JE. Anthrax lethal toxin induces human endothelial cell apoptosis. Infect Immun 2004 Jan;72(1):430-9 [Full text]

Kuehnert MJ, Doyle TJ, Hill HA, et al. Clinical features that discriminate inhalational anthrax from other acute respiratory illnesses. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Feb 1;36(3):328-36 [Full text]

Kumar P, Ahuja N, Bhatnagar R. Anthrax edema toxin requires influx of calcium for inducing cyclic AMP toxicity in target cells. Infect Immun 2002 Sep;70(9):4997-5007 [Full text]

Kunanusont C, Limpakarnjanarat K, Foy HM. Outbreak of anthrax in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1990 Oct:84(5):507-12 [Abstract]

Kyriacou DN, Stein AC, Yamold PR, et al. Clinical predictors of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax. Lancet 2004 Jul 31-Aug 6;364(9432):449-52 [Abstract]

Lanska DJ. Anthrax meningoencephalitis. Neurology 2002 Aug 13;59(3):327-34 [Abstract]

Leendertz FH, Ellerbrok H, Boesch C, et al. Anthrax kills wild chimpanzees in a tropical rain forest. Nature 2004 Jul 22;430(6998):451-2 [Abstract]

Leendertz FH, Yumlu S, Pauli G, et al. A new Bacillus anthracis found in wild chimpanzees and a gorilla from west and central Africa. PLoS Pathog 2006 Jan;2(1):e8 [Full text]

Lester ED, Bearman G, Ponce A. A second-generation anthrax "smoke detector." IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2004 Jan-Feb;23(1):130-5 [Full text]

Levin DB, Valadares de Amorim G. Potential for aerosol dissemination of biological weapons: lessons from biological control of insects. Biosecur Bioterror 2003 Jan;1(1):37-42 [Full text]

LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory). Rapid field detection of biological agents. S&TR 2002 Jan/Feb:24-6 [Full text]

Locascio LE, Harper B, Robinson M. Standard practice for bulk sample collection and swab sample collection of visible powders suspected of being biological agents from nonporous surfaces: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2007 Jan-Feb;90(1):299-333 [Abstract]

Lucey D. Anthrax. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Ed 6. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005;2:3618-24

Mahlandt BG, Klein F, Lincoln RE et al. Immunologic studies of anthrax. IV. Evaluation of the immunogenicity of three components of anthrax toxin. J Immunol 1966 Apr;96(4):727-33 [Abstract]

Manchee RJ, Broster MG, Stagg AJ, et al. Out of Gruinard Island. Salisbury Med Bull 1990;68(special suppl):17-8

Marano N, Plikaytis BD, Martin SW, et al. Effects of a reduced dose schedule and intramuscular administration of anthrax vaccine adsorbed on immunogenicity and safety at 7 months: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008 Oct 1;300(13):1532-43 [Full text]

Martin GJ, Friedlander AM. Anthrax as an agent of bioterrorism. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed 7. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2010;2:3983-92

Martin GJ, Friedlander AM. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Ed 7. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2010;2:2715-25

Mayer TA, Morrison A, Bersoff-Matcha S, et al. Inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism: would current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines have identified the 11 patients with inhalational anthrax from October through November 2001? Clin Infect Dis 2003 May 15;36(10):1275-83 [Full text]

MBAH (Minnesota Board of Animal Health). Minnesota experiences second largest anthrax outbreak in state history. 2006 Jul 24 [Press release]

McNeil MM, Chiang IS, Wheeling JT, et al. Short-term reactogenicity and gender effect of anthrax vaccine: analysis of a 1967-1972 study and review of the 1955-2005 medical literature. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007 Mar;16(3):259-74 [Abstract]

McNeil MM, Ma M, Aranas A, et al. A comparative assessment of immunization records in the Defense Medical Surveillance System and the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Vaccine 2007 Apr 30;25(17):3428-36 [Abstract]

Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1202-8 [Abstract]

Meyer MA. Neurologic complications of anthrax: a review of the literature. Arch Neurol 2003 Apr;60(4):483-8 [Full text]

Meyerhoff A, Albrecht R, Meyer JM, et al. US Food and Drug Administration approval of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for management of postexposure inhalational anthrax. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Aug 1;39(3):303-8 [Full text]

Michelow IC, Lozano J, Olsen K, et al. Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae lower respiratory infection in hospitalized children by culture, polymerase chain reaction, serological testing, and urinary antigen detection. Clin Infect Dis 2002 Jan 1;34(1):E1-11 [Full text]

Migone TS, Subramanian GM, Zhong J, et al. Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational anthrax. N Engl J Med 2009 Jul 9;361(2):135-44 [Full text]

MIIS (Monterey Institute of International Studies). Chemical and biological weapons: possession and programs past and present. [Web page]

Mohammed MJ, Marston CK, Popovic T, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Bacillus anthracis: comparison of results obtained by using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution reference and Etest agar gradient diffusion methods. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Jun;40(6):1902-7 [Full text]

Montville TJ, Dengrove R, De Siano T, et al. Thermal resistance of spores from virulent strains of Bacillus anthracis and potential surrogates. J Food Prot 2005 Nov;68(11):2362-6 [Abstract]

NALC (National Association of Letter Carriers). BDS technology: fact sheet [Web page]

NAS (National Academy of Sciences). Science alone does not establish source of anthrax used in 2001 mailings. 2011 Feb 15 [Press release]

Ndyabahinduka DGK, Chu IH, Abdou AH, et al. An outbreak of human gastrointestinal anthrax. Ann Ist Super Sanita 1984;20(2-3):205-8

Nelson LS, Hanner R, Hoffman RS. Cutaneous anthrax infection. (Letter) N Engl J Med 2002 Mar 21;346(12):945-6 [Extract]

Newcombe J, Cartwright K, Palmer WH, et al. PCR of peripheral blood for diagnosis of meningococcal disease. J Clin Microbiol 1996 Jul;34(7):1637-40 [Full text]

Niu MT, Ball R, Woo EJ, et al. Adverse events after anthrax vaccination reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1990-2007. Vaccine 2009 Jan 7;27(2):290-7 [Abstract]

Nordin JD, Goodman MJ, Kulldorff M, et al. Simulated anthrax attacks and syndromic surveillance. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Sep;11(9):1394-8 [Full text]

NRC (National Research Council). Review of the scientific approaches used during the FBI's investigation of the 2001 anthrax letters. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011 [Full text]

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Anthrax prevention and controls [Web page]

OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction: assessing the risks. Publication OTA-ISC-559. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993 Aug [Full text]

Payne DC, Rose CE, Kerrison J, et al. Anthrax vaccination and risk of optic neuritis in the United States military, 1998-2003. Arch Neurol 2006 Jun;63(6):871-5 [Full text]

Perdue ML, Karns J, Higgins J, et al. Detection and fate of Bacillus anthracis (Sterne) vegetative cells and spores added to bulk tank milk. J Food Prot 2003 Dec;66(12):2349-54 [Abstract]

Peters CJ, Hartley DM. Anthrax inhalation and lethal human infection. Lancet 2002 Feb 23;359(9307):710-1 [Full text]

Pfisterer RM. [An anthrax epidemic in Switzerland: clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological aspects of a mostly forgotten disease.] (Article in German) Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1991 Jun 1;12(22):813-25 [Abstract]

Pittman PR, Norris SL, Barrera Oro JG, et al. Patterns of antibody response in humans to the anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) primary (six-dose) series. Vaccine 2006 Apr 24;24(17):3654-60 [Abstract]

Plotkin SA, Brachman PS, Utell M, et al. An epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century. I. Clinical features. Am J Med 1960;29:992-1001

Price LB, Vogler A, Pearson T, et al. In vitro selection and characterization of Bacillus anthracis mutants with high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003 Jul;47(7):2362-5 [Full text]

Price PN, Sohn MD, Lacommare KS, et al. Framework for evaluating anthrax risk in buildings. Environ Sci Technol 2009 Mar 15;43(6):1783-7 [Abstract]

Purcell BK, Worsham PL, Friedlander AM. Anthrax. In: Dembek ZF, ed. Textbooks of military medicine: medical aspects of biological warfare. Washington, DC: Borden Institute, 2007:69-90 [Full text]

Quesnel-Hellmann A, Cleret A, Vidal DR, et al. Evidence for adjuvanticity of anthrax edema toxin. Vaccine 2006 Feb 6;24(6):699-702 [Abstract]

Quinn CP, Semenova VA, Elie CM, et al. Specific, sensitive, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human immunoglobulin G antibodies to anthrax toxin protective antigen. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(10):1103-10 [Full text]

Rabinowitz P, Gordon Z, Chudnov D, et al. Animals as sentinels of bioterrorism agents. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Apr;12(4):647-52 [Full text]

Ramer H. Woman infected with anthrax is improving. Concord Monitor 2010 Jan 7 [Full text]

Ramsay CN, Stirling A, Smith J, et al. An outbreak of infection with Bacillus anthracis in injecting drug users in Scotland. Euro Surveill 2010 Jan 14;15(2):1 [Full text]

Rangel RA, Gonzalez DA. Bacillus anthracis meningitis. Neurology 1975;25:525-30

Rantakokko-Jalava K, Viljanen MK. Application of Bacillus anthracis PCR to simulated clinical samples. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003 Oct;9(10):1051-6 [Abstract]

Rasko DA, Worsham PL, Abshire TG, et al. Bacillus anthracis comparative genome analysis in support of the Amerithrax investigation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2011 Mar 22; 108(12):5027-32 [Full text]

Read TD, Peterson SN, Tourasse N, et al. The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria. Nature 2003 May 1;423(6935):81-6 [Abstract]

Redd JT, Van Beneden C, Soter NA, et al. Performance of a rapid dermatology referral system during the anthrax outbreak. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005 Jun;52(6):1077-81 [Abstract]

Reissman DB, Whitney EA, Taylor TH Jr, et al. One-year health assessment of adult survivors of Bacillus anthracis infection. JAMA 2004 Apr 28;291(16):1994-8 [Full text]

Rhie GE, Park YM, Han JS, et al. Efficacy of non-toxic deletion mutants of protective antigen from Bacillus anthracis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005 Aug 1;45(2):341-7 [Abstract]

Rose L, Jensen B, Peterson A, et al. Swab materials and Bacillus anthracis spore recovery from nonporous surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10(6):1023-9 [Full text]

Russell BH, Liu Q, Jenkins SA, et al. In vivo demonstration and quantification of intracellular Bacillus anthracis in lung epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2008 Sep;76(9):3975-83 [Full text]

Ryan MAK, Smith TC, Sevick CJ, et al. Birth defects among infants born to women who received anthrax vaccine in pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2008 Aug 15;168(4):434-42 [Full text]

Saggese MD, Noseda RP, Uhart MM, et al. First detection of Bacillus anthracis in feces of free-ranging raptors from central Argentina. J Wildl Dis 2007 Jan;43(1):136-41 [Full text]

Sanderson WT, Hein MJ, Taylor L, et al. Surface sampling methods for Bacillus anthracis spore contamination. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1145-51 [Full text]

Schmitt B, Dobrez D, Parada JP, et al. Responding to a small-scale bioterrorist anthrax attack: cost-effectiveness analysis comparing preattack vaccination with postattack antibiotic treatment and vaccination. Arch Intern Med 2007 Apr 9;167(7):655-62 [Full text]

Sejvar JJ, Tenover FC, Stephens DS. Management of anthrax meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis 2005 May;5(5):287-95 [Abstract]

Semenova VA, Schmidt DS, Taylor TH Jr, et al. Analysis of anti-protective antigen IgG subclass distribution in recipients of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) and patients with cutaneous and inhalation anthrax. Vaccine 2007 Feb 26;25(10):1780-8 [Abstract]

Shen Y, Zhukovskaya NL, Zimmer MI, et al. Selective inhibition of anthrax edema factor by adefovir, a drug for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004 Mar 2;101(9):3242-7 [Full text]

Shepard CW, Soriano-Gabarro M, Zell ER, et al. Antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis for anthrax: adverse events and adherence. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct:8(10):1124-32 [Full text]

Shieh WJ, Guarner J, Paddock C, et al. The critical role of pathology in the investigation of bioterrorism-related cutaneous anthrax. Am J Pathol 2003 Nov;163(5):1901-10 [Abstract]

Shlyakhov E, Rubinstein E. Evaluation of the anthraxin skin test for diagnosis of acute and past human anthrax. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996 Mar;15(3):242-5 [Abstract]

Sirisanthana T, Brown AE. Anthrax of the gastrointestinal tract. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Jul;8(7):649-51 [Full text]

Sirisanthana T, Navachareon N, Tharavichitkul P, et al. Outbreak of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax: an unusual manifestation of human infection with Bacillus anthracis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 Jan;33(1):144-50 [Abstract]

Skottman T, Piiparinen H, Hyytiainen H, et al. Simultaneous real-time PCR detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007 Mar;26(3):207-11 [Abstract]

Smyth, HF. A 20 year history of anthrax in the USA. In: Symposium on anthrax. Harrisburg, PA: Department of Health, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Apr 1, 1941

Sneath PH, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, and Holt JG, eds. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol 2. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1986

Sohni Y, Kanjilal S, Kapur V. Performance evaluation of five commercial real-time PCR reagent systems using TaqMan assays for B anthracis detection. Clin Biochem 2008 May;41(7):640-4 [Abstract]

Spotts Whitney EA, Beatty ME, Taylor TH Jr, et al. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):623-7 [Full text]

Stephenson J. Rapid anthrax test approved. JAMA 2004 Jul 7;292(1):30

Stern EJ, Uhde KB, Shadomy SV, et al. Conference report on public health and clinical guidelines for anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Apr;14(4):pii:07-0969 [Full text]

Swartz MN. Recognition and management of anthrax–an update. N Engl J Med 2001 Nov 29;345(22):1621-6 [Full text]

Tabatabaie P, Syadati A. Bacillus anthracis as a cause of bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12(12):1035-7

Taft SC, Weiss AA. Neutralizing activity of vaccine-induced antibodies to two Bacillus anthracis toxin components, lethal factor and edema factor. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 Jan;15(1):71-5 [Full text]

Takahashi H, Keim P, Kaufmann AF, et al. Bacillus anthracis incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jan;10(1):117-20 [Full text]

Teshale EH, Painter J, Burr GA, et al. Environmental sampling for spores of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1083-7 [Full text]

Tessier J, Green C, Padgett D, et al. Contributions of histamine, prostanoids, and neurokinins to edema elicited by edema toxin from Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 2007 Apr;75(4):1895-1903 [Full text]

Traeger MS, Wiersma ST, Rosenstein NE, et al. First case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax in the United States, Palm Beach County, Florida, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1029-34 [Full text]

Turnbull PCB, Broster MG, Carman JA, et al. Development of antibodies to protective antigen and lethal factor components of anthrax toxin in humans and guinea pigs and their relevance to protective immunity. Infect Immun 1986 May;52(2):356-63 [Abstract]

Turnbull PCB, Sirianni NM, LeBron CI, et al. MICs of selected antibiotics for Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus mycoides from a range of clinical and environmental sources as determined by the Etest. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Aug;42(8):3626-34 [Full text]

US Postal Service. Information on handling mail [Web page]

Vasudev M, Zacharisen MC. New-onset rheumatoid arthritis after anthrax vaccination. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006 Jul;97(1):110-2 [Abstract]

Vietri NJ, Purcell BK, Lawler JV, et al. Short-course postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis combined with vaccination protects against experimental inhalational anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 May 16;103(20):7813-6 [Full text]

Walsh JJ, Pesik N, Quinn CP, et al. A case of naturally acquired inhalation anthrax: clinical care and analyses of anti-protective antigen immunoglobulin G and lethal factor. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Apr 1;44(7):968-71 [Full text]

Warfel JM, Steele AD, D’Agnillo F. Anthrax lethal toxin induces endothelial barrier dysfunction. Am J Pathol 2005 Jun;166(6):1871-81 [Full text]

Warrick J. FBI investigation of 2001 anthrax attacks concluded; US releases details. The Washington Post 2010 Feb 20 [Full text]

Wattiau P, Govaerts M, Frangoulidis D, et al. Immunologic response of unvaccinated workers exposed to anthrax, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Oct;15(10):1637-40 [Full text]

Wattiau P, Klee SR, Fretin D, et al. Occurrence and genetic diversity of Bacillus anthracis strains isolate in an active wool-cleaning factory. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008 Jul;74(13):4005-11 [Full text]

Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Recognition and management of anthrax. N Engl J Med 2002 Mar 21;346(12):943-5

Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Risks and prevention of nosocomial transmission of rare zoonotic diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Feb 1;32(3):446-56 [Full text]

Weber DJ, Sickbert-Bennett E, Gergen MF, et al. Efficacy of selected hand hygiene agents used to remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) from contaminated hands. JAMA 2003 Mar 12;289(10):1274-7 [Full text]

Wein LM, Liu Y, Leighton TJ. HEPA/vaccine plan for indoor anthrax remediation. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Jan;11(1):69-76 [Full text]

Wein LM, Craft DL, Kaplan EH. Emergency response to an anthrax attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003 Apr 1;100(7):4346-51 [Full text]

Weis CP, Intrepido AJ, Miller AK, et al. Secondary aerosolization of viable Bacillus anthracis spores in a contaminated US Senate office. JAMA 2002 Dec 11;288(22):2853-8 [Full text]

Wiesen AR, Littell CT. Relationship between prepregnancy anthrax vaccination and pregnancy and birth outcomes among US army women. JAMA 2002 Mar 27;287(12):1556-60 [Full text]

Wilkening DA. Sverdlovsk revisited: modeling human inhalation anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006 May 16;103(20):7589-94 [Full text]

WHO (World Health Organization). Guidelines for the surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals. 3rd ed. 1998 [Full text]

WHO. Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1970:98-109 [Full text]

WHOCC (WHO Collaborating Center). World anthrax data site [Home page]

Xu S, Labuza TP, Diez-Gonzalez F. Inactivation kinetics of avirulent Bacillus anthracis spores in milk with a combination of heat and hydrogen peroxide. J Food Prot 2008 Feb;71(2):333-8 [Abstract]

Yung PT, Lester ED, Bearman G, et al. An automated front-end monitor for anthrax surveillance systems based on the rapid detection of airborne endospores. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007 Nov 1;98(4):864-71 [Abstract]

Zeng M, Xu Q, Hesek ED, et al. N-fragment of edema factor as a candidate antigen for immunization against anthrax. Vaccine 2006 Jan 30;24(5):662-70 [Abstract]