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| Selected Reading |
 AAP. Chemical-biological terrorism and its impact on children: a subject review. Pediatrics 2000;105(3):662-70 [Full text]
Agarwal R, Eswaramoorthy S, Kumaran D, et al. Structural analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type E catalytic domain and its mutant Glu212-Gln reveals the pivotal role of Glu212 carboxylate in the catalytic pathway. Biochemistry 2004 Jun 1;43(21):6637-44 [Abstract]
Alberts B. Modeling attacks on the food supply. (Editorial) Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005 (published online Jun 28) (pertains to Wein article below) [Citation]
Alexeter Technologies [Home page]
Allergan, Inc. Botox information [Webpage]
Angulo FJ, Getz J, Taylor JP, et al. A large outbreak of botulism: the hazardous baked potato. J Infect Dis 1998;178(1):172-7 [Abstract]
Arnon SS, Midura TF, Damus K. Honey and other environmental risk factors for infant botulism. J Pedriatr 1979 Feb;94(2):331-6 [Abstract]
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, et al, for the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001;285(8):1059-70 [Full text]
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Maslanka SE, et al. Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism. N Engl J Med 2006 Feb 2;354(5):462-71 [Full text]
Artin I, Bjorkman P, Cronqvist J, et al. First case of type E wound botulism diagnosed using real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2007 Nov;45(11):3589-94 [Abstract]
ASM. Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism: packing and shipping infectious substances, diagnostic specimens, and biological agents. [Full text]
Aureli P, Fenicia L, Pasolini B, et al. Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum in Italy. J Infect Dis 1986;154(2):207-11 [Abstract]
Bagramyan K, Barash JR, Arnon SS, et al. Attomolar detection of botulinum toxin type A in complex biological matrices. PLoS ONE 2008 Apr 30;3(4):e2041 [Full text]
Baldwin MR, Tepp WH, Przedpelski A, et al. Subunit vaccine against the seven serotypes of botulism. Infect Immun 2008 Mar;76(3):1314-8 [Abstract]
Barash JR, Arnon SS. Dual toxin-producing strain of Clostridium botulinum type Bf isolated from a California patient with infant botulism. J Clin Microbiol 2004 Apr;42(4):1713-5 [Abstract]
Barash JR, Tang TW, Arnon SS. First Case of Infant Botulism Caused by Clostridium baratii Type F in California. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Aug;43(8):4280-2 [Abstract]
Barr JR, Moura H, Boyer AE, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin detection and differentiation by mass spectrometry. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Oct;11(10):1578-83 [Abstract]
Barr JR, Moura H, Boyer AE, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin detection and differentiation by mass spectrometry. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Oct;11(10):1578-83 [Full text]
Barr JR, Moura H, Boyer AE, et al. Fast detection and differentiation of butulinum neurotoxins A, B, E and F using mass spectrometry-based methods. Presented before International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004. Feb 29?Mar 3, 2004, Atlanta, Ga
Bartlett JC. Infant botulism in adults. N Engl J Med 1986;315(4):254-5
Bianco MI, Luquez C, de Jong LI, et al. Presence of Clostridium botulinum spores in Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) and its relationship with infant botulism. Int J Food Microbiol 2008 Feb 10;121(3):357-60 [Abstract]
Black RE, Gunn RA. Hypersensitivity reactions associated with botulinal antitoxin. Am J Med 1980;69:567-70 [Abstract]
Borodic G. Myasthenic crisis after botulinum toxin. (Letter) Lancet 1998;352:1832
Breidenbach MA, Brunger AT. Substrate recognition strategy for botulinum neurotoxin serotype A. Nature 2004 Dec 16;432(7019):925-9 [Abstract]
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Brett MM, McLauchlin J, Harris A, et al. A case of infant botulism with a possible link to infant formula milk powder: evidence for the presence of more than one strain of Clostridium botulinum in clinical specimens and food. J Med Microbiol 2005 Aug;54(Pt 8):769-76 [Abstract]
Brook I. Infant botulism. J Perinatol 2007 Mar;27(3):175-80 [Abstract]
Brunger AT, Breidenbach MA, Jin R, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin heavy chain belt as an intramolecular chaperone for the light chain. PLoS Pathog 2007 Sep 28;3(9):e113 [Full text]
Campbell WW, Swift TR. Differential diagnosis of acute weakness. South Med J 1981;74(11):13715
CDC. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (BMBL). Ed 4, Apr 1999. Section VIIA: Bacterial agents: Clostridium botulinum [Full text]
CDC. Botulism associated with commercial carrot juice--Georgia and Florida, September 2006. MMWR Dispatch 2006 Oct 6;55:1-2 [Full text]
CDC. Botulism associated with commercially canned chili sauce--Texas and Indiana, July 2007. MMWR 2007 Jul 30;56(Dispatch):1-3 [Full text]
CDC. Botulism from home-canned bamboo shoots: Non province, Thailand, March 2006. MMWR 2006 Apr 14;55(14):389-92 [Full text]
CDC. Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996: Handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratory workers. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. [Full text]
CDC. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR 1997;46(RR10):1-55 [Full text]
CDC. Emergency response [Webpage]
CDC. Formulary: Products distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Webpage]
CDC. Infant botulism: New York City, 2001-2002. MMWR 2003 Jan 17;52(02);21-4 [Full text]
CDC. Laboratory Response Network for bioterrorism [PowerPoint presentation]
CDC. Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. MMWR 2002 Dec 6;51(RR-19):1-6 [Full text]
CDC. Medical examiners, coroners, and biologic terrorism: a guidebook for surveillance and case management. MMWR 2004 Jun 11;53(RR08):1-27 [Full text]
CDC. Outbreak of botulism type E associated with eating a beached whale: western Alaska, July 2002. MMWR 2003 Jan 17;52(02):24-6 [Full text]
CDC. Pentavalent (ABCDE) botulinum toxoid. CDC Drug Service. Rev Oct 15, 1999 [Webpage]
CDC. Select Agent Program [Webpage]
CDC. Specimen selection table [Full text]
CDC. Wound botulism among black tar heroin users: Washington, 2003. 2003 Sep 19;52(37):885-6 [Full text]
CDC/ASM/APHL. Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism: bolulinum toxin [Full text]
Chai Q, Arndt JW, Dong M, et al. Structural basis of cell surface receptor recognition by botulinum neurotoxin B. Nature 2006, published online Dec 13 [Abstract]
Chao HY, Wang YC, Tang SS, et al. A highly sensitive immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay for Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A. Toxicon 2004 Jan;43(1):27-34 [Abstract]
Cherington M. Clinical spectrum of botulism. Muscle Nerve 1998:21;701-10 [Abstract]
Chia JK, Clark JB, Ryan CA, et al. Botulism in an adult associated with food-borne intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum. N Engl J Med 1986;315(4):239-41
Chou JH, Hwant PH, Malison MD. An outbreak of type A foodborne botulism in Taiwan due to commercially preserved peanuts. Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:899-902 [Abstract]
Clemmens MR, Bell L. Infant botulism presenting with poor feeding and lethargy: a review of 4 cases. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007 Jul;23(7):492-4 [Abstract]
Craven KE, Ferreira JL, Harrison MA, et al. Specific detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F using the polymerase chain reaction. J AOAC Int 2002 Sep-Oct;85(5):1025-8 [Abstract]
Dahlenborg M, Borch E, Radstrom P. Development of a combined selection and enrichment PCR procedure for Clostridium botulinum Types B, E, and F and its use to determine prevalence in fecal samples from slaughtered pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67(10):4781-8 [Full text]
Darby SM, Miller ML, Allen RO. Forensic determination of ricin and the alkaloid marker ricinine from castor bean extracts. J Forensic Sci 2001 Sep;46(5):1033-42 [Abstract]
Davis LE. Botulism. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2003 Jan;5(1):23-31 [Abstract]
Dezfulian M, Bartlett JG. Identification of toxigenic Clostridium botulinum type E by enzyme immunoassay. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1991;14(1):11-5 [Abstract]
Dickerson TJ, Janda KD. The use of small molecules to investigate molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for treatment of botulinum neurotoxin A intoxication. ACS Chem Biol 2007 Apr 24;2(4):359-69 [Abstract]
Dong M, Richards DA, Goodnough MC, et al. Synaptotagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells. J Cell Biol 2003 Sep 29;162(7):1293-303 [Abstract]
Dong M, Yeh F, Tepp WH, et al. SV2 is the protein receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A. Science 2006;312(5773):592-6. [Full text - see also Jahn below]
Felz MW, Davis Smith C, Swift TR. A six-year-old girl with tick paralysis. N Engl J Med 2000;342(2):90-4
Fenicia L, Anniballi F, De Medici D, et al. SYBR green real-time PCR method to detect Clostridium botulinum type A. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 May;73(9):2891-6 [Abstract]
Fenicia L, Franciosa G, Pourshaban M, et al. Intestinal toxemia botulism in two young people, caused by Clostridium butyricum type E. Clin Infect Dis 1999 Dec;29(6):1381-7 [Abstract]
Ferreira JL, Eliasberg SJ, Edmonds P, et al. Comparison of the mouse bioassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedures for the detection of type A botulinal toxin in food. J Food Prot 2004 Jan;67(1):203-6 [Abstract]
Ferreira JL, Eliasberg SJ, Harrison MA, et al. Detection of preformed type A botulinal toxin in hash brown potatoes by using the mouse bioasssay and a modified ELISA test. J AOAC Int 2001;84(5):1460-4 [Abstract]
Ferreira JL, Maslanka S, Johnson E, et al. Detection of botulinal neurotoxins A, B, E, and F by amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2003 Mar-Apr;86(2):314-31 [Abstract]
Franciosa G, Ferreira JL, Hatheway CL. Detection of type A, B, and E botulism neurotoxin genes in Clostridium botulinum and other Clostridium species by PCR: evidence of unexpressed type B toxin genes in type A toxigenic organisms. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32(8):1911-7 [Abstract]
Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997;278(5):399-411 [Abstract]
Franz DR, Pitt LM, Clayton MA, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic administration of antitoxin for inhalation botulism. In: DasGupta BR, ed. Botulism and tetanus neurotoxins: neurotransmission and biomedical aspects. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1993:473-6
Glik DC, Drury A, Cavanaugh C, et al. What not to say: risk communication for botulism. Biosecur Bioterror 2008 Mar;6(1):93-107 [Abstract]
Gottlieb SL, Kretsinger K, Tarkhashvili N, et al. Long-term outcomes of 217 botulism cases in the Republic of Georgia. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Jul 15;45(2):174-80 [Abstract]
Green J, Spear H, Brinson RR. Human botulism (type F)?a rare type. Am J Med 1983;75:893-5 [Abstract]
Griffin PM, Hatheway CL, Rosenbaum RB, et al. Endogenous antibody production to botulinum toxin in an adult with intestinal colonization botulism and underlying Crohn?s disease. J Infect Dis 1997 Mar;175(3):633-7 [Abstract]
Gupta A, Sumner CJ, Castor, et al. Adult botulism type F in the United States, 1981-2002. Neurology 2005 Dec 13;65(11):1694-700 [Abstract]
Hall JD, McCroskey LM, Pincomb BJ, et al. Isolation of an organism resembling Clostridium barati which produces type F botulinal toxin from an infant with botulism. J Clin Microbiol 1985;21(4):654-5
Halpern JO, Neale EA. Neurospecific binding, internalization, and retrograde transport. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995;195:221-42
Hatheway CL, Johnson EA. Clostridium: the spore-bearing anaerobes. In: Collier L, Ballows A, Sussman M, eds. Topley & Wilson?s microbiology and microbial infections. Ed 9. New York, NY: Oxford University Press,1998:731-82
Hatheway CL, Snyder JD, Seals JE, et al. Antitoxin levels in botulism patients treated with trivalent equine botulinum antitoxin to toxin types A, B, and E. J Infect Dis 1984 Sep;150(3):407-12 [Abstract]
HHS. 42 CFR Part 73: Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins. Interim Final Rule. Fed Reg 2002 Dec 13;240(67):76885-905 [Full text]
HHS. HHS awards BioShield contract for botulism antitoxin. Jun 1, 2006 [Press release]
Hill KK, Smith TJ, Helma CH, et al. Genetic diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing Clostridial strains. J Bacteriol 2007 Feb;189(3):818-32 [Abstract]
Horman A, Nevas M, Lindstrom M, et al. Elimination of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type B from drinking water by small-scale (personal-use) water purification devices and detection of BoNT in water samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005 Apr;71(4):1941-5 [Abstract]
Hughes JM, Blumenthal JR, Merson MH, et al. Clinical features of types A and B food-borne botulism. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:442-5
Idaho Technology, Inc. R.A.P.I.D. polymerase chain reaction system [Webpage]
Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program [Wepage]
Jahn R. A neuronal receptor for botulinum toxin. (Perspective) Science 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):540-1 [Full text - see also Dong above]
Jin R, Rummel A, Binz T, et al. Botulinum neurotoxin B recognizes its protein receptor with high affinity and specificity. Nature 2006, published online Dec 13 [Abstract]
Johnson R, Clay S, Arnon S. Diagnosis and management of infant botulism. Am J Dis Child 1979;133:586-93
Kalluri P, Crowe C, Reller M, et al. An outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with food sold at a salvage store in Texas. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Dec 1;37(11):1490-5 [Abstract]
Keller JE. Characterization of new formalin botulinum neurotoxin toxoids. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 (published online Jul 30) [Abstract]
Keller JE. Recovery from botulinum neurotoxin poisoning in vivo. Neuroscience 2006;139(2):629-37 [Abstract]
Kirma N, Ferreira JL, Baumstark BR. Characterization of six type A strains of Clostridium botulinum that contain type B toxin gene sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004 Feb 16;231(2):159-64 [Abstract]
Kobayashi R, Kohda T, Kataoka K, et al. A novel neurotoxoid vaccine prevents mucosal botulism. J Immunol 2005 Feb 15;174(4):2190-5 [Abstract]
Koepke R, Sobel J, Arnon SS. Global occurrence of infant botulism, 1976-2006. Pediatrics 2008 Jul;122(1):e73-82 [Abstract]
Kongsaengdao S, Samintarapanya K, Rusmeechan S, et al. An outbreak of botulism in Thailand: clinical manifestations and management of severe respiratory failure. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Nov 15;43(10):1247?56 [Abstract]
Kudrow DB, Henry KA, Haake DA, et al. Botulism associated with Clostridium botulinum sinusitis after intranasal cocaine abuse. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:984-5
Kukreja RV, Singh BR. Comparative role of neurotoxin-associated proteins in the structural stability and endopeptidase activity of botulinum neurotoxin complex types A and E. Biochemistry 2007 (published online Nov 16) [Abstract]
Lacy DB, Tepp W, Cohen AC, et al. Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity. Nat Struct Biol 1998; 5(10):898-902 [Abstract]
Lindstrom M, Keto R, Markkula A, et al. Multiplex PCR assay for detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F in food and fecal material. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67(12):5694- [Abstract]
Lindstrom M, Kiviniemi K, Korkeala H. Hazard and control of group II (non-proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum in modern food processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2006 Apr 15;108(1):92-104. [Full text]
Lindstrom M, Korkeala H. Laboratory diagnostics of botulism. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006 Apr;19(2):298-314 [Abstract]
Liu W, Montana V, Chapman E, et al. Botulinum toxin type B micromechanosensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003 Nov 11;100(23):13621-5 [Abstract]
Liu W, Montana V, Chapman ER, et al. Botulinum toxin type B micromechanosensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003 (published online Oct 22, 2003) [Abstract]
Ma L, Zhang G, Sobel J, et al. Evaluation of the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on Clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production. J Food Prot 2007 Dec;70(12):2860-3 [Abstract]
MacDonald KL, Cohen ML, Blake PA. The changing epidemiology of botulism in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1986 Nov;124(5):794-9 [Abstract]
MacDonald KL, Rutherford GW, Friedman SM, et al. Botulism and botulism-like illness in chronic drug users. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:616-8 [Abstract]
MacDonald KL, Spengler RF, Hatheway CL, et al. Type A botulism from sauteed onions: clinical and epidemiologic observations. JAMA 1985;253(9):1275-8 [Abstract]
Macdonald TE, Helma CH, Licknor LO, et al. Differentiation of Clostridium botulinum serotype A strains by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008 Feb;74(3):875-82 [Abstract]
Mann J. Prolonged recovery from type A botulism. (letter) N Engl J Med 1983 Dec 15;309(24):1522-3
Mann JM, Martin S, Hoffman R, et al. Patient recovery from type A botulism: morbidity assessment following a large outbreak. Am J Pub Health 1981;71(3):266-9
Maselli RA, Bakshi N. American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AAEM) case report 16: botulism. Muscle Nerve 2000 Jul;23(7):1137-44 [Abstract]
Mason JT, Xu L, Sheng ZM, et al. A liposome-PCR assay for the ultrasensitive detection of biological toxins. Nat Biotechnol 2006 May;24(5):555-7 [Full text]
McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL, Woodruff BA, et al. Type F botulism due to neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii from an unknown source in an adult. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:2618-20 [Abstract]
McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL. Laboratory findings in four cases of adult botulism suggest colonization of the intestinal tract. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:1052-4 [Abstract]
McLaughlin JB, Sobel J, Lynn T, et al. Botulism type E outbreak associated with eating a beached whale, Alaska. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Sep;10(9):1685-7 [Full text]
Merson MH, Dowell VR. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory aspects of wound botulism. N Engl J Med 1973;289:1005-10
Middlebrook JL, Franz DR. Botulinum toxin. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, 1997:643-54
Middlebrook JL, Franz DR. Botulinum toxins. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Chap 33. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center. [Full text]
Midura TF, Nygaard GS, Wood RM, et al. Clostridium botulinum type F: isolation from venison jerky. Appl Microbiol 1972 Aug;24(2):165-7 [Abstract]
Morse SA, Kellogg RB, Perry S, et al. Detecting biothreat agents: the Laboratory Response Network. ASM News 2003 Sep;69(9):433-7 [Full text]
Nevas M, Lindstrom M, Virtanen A, et al. Infant botulism acquired from household dust presenting as sudden infant death syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Jan;43(1):511-3 [Abstract]
New Horizon Diagnostics. Smart II Botulinum Toxin [Webpage]
Niska RW, Burt CW. Training for terrorism-related conditions in hospitals: United States, 2003-04. Adv Data 2006 Dec 11;(380):1-9 [Full text]
Nowakowski A, Wang C, Powers DB, et al. Potent neutralization of botulinum neurotoxin by recombinant oligoclonal antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2002 Aug 20;99(17):11346-50 [Full text]
O'Brien KK, Higdon NL, Halverson JJ. Recognition and management of bioterrorism infections. Am Fam Physician 2003 May 1;67(9):1927-34 [Full text]
O'Mahony M, Mitchell E, Gilbert RJ, et al. An outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with contaminated hazelnut yoghurt. Epidemiol Infect 1990;104:389-95
Osborn Scientific Group [Home page]
Park JB, Simpson LL. Inhalational poisoning by botulinum toxin and inhalation vaccination with its heavy-chain component. Infect Immun 2003 Mar;71(3):1147-54 [Full text]
Park JB, Simpson LL. Inhalational poisoning by botulinum toxin and inhalation vaccination with its heavy-chain component. Infect Immun 2003 Mar;71(3):1147-54 [Abstract]
Passaro DJ, Werner SB, McGee J, et al. Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug users. JAMA 1998;279(11):859-63 [Full text]
Paul CJ, Twine SM, Tam KJ, et al. Flagellin diversity in Clostridium botulinum groups I and II: a new strategy for strain identification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 May;73(9):2963-75 [Abstract]
Peruski AH, Johnson LH, Peruski LF. Rapid and sensitive detection of biological warfare agents using time-resolved fluorescence assays. J Immunol Methods 2002 May 1;263(1-2):35-41 [Abstract]
Pier CL, Tepp WH, Bradshaw M, et al. Recombinant holotoxoid vaccine against botulism. Infect Immun 2008 Jan;76(1):437-442 [Abstract]
Pittman PR, Hack D, Mangiafico J, et al. Antibody response to a delayed booster dose of anthrax vaccine and botulinum toxoid. Vaccine 2002 May 15;20(16):2107-15 [Abstract]
Rao S, Starr RL, Morris MG, et al. Variations in expression and release of botulinum neurotoxin in Clostridium botulinum type A strains. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2007 Jun;4(2):201-7 [Abstract]
Ravichandran E, Al-Saleem FH, Ancharski DM, et al. Trivalent vaccine against botulinum toxin serotypes A, B, and E that can be administered by the mucosal route. Infect Immun 2007 Jun;75(6):3043-54 [Abstract]
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Rummel A, Eichner T, Weil T, et al. Identification of the protein receptor binding site of botulinum neurotoxins B and G proves the double-receptor concept. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007 Jan 2;104(1):359-64 [Full text]
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Sebaihia M, Peck MW, Minton NP, et al. Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes. Genome Res 2007 (published online May 22) [Full text]
Sewell DL. Laboratory safety practices associated with potential agents of biocrime or bioterrorism. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Jul;41(7):2801-9 [Abstract]
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Siegel LS. Destruction of botulinum toxins in food and water. In: Hauschild AH, Dodds KL, eds. Clostridium botulinum: ecology and control in foods. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1993:323-41
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Sobel J, Malavet M, John S. Outbreak of clinically mild botulism type E illness from home-salted fish in patients presenting with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Jul 15;45(2):e14-6 [Abstract]
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Sobel J. Botulism. Clin Infect Dis 2005 Oct 15;41(8):1167-73 [Abstract]
Solomon HM, Lilly T Jr. Clostridium botulinum. In: Jackson GH, Merker RI, Bandler R, project coordinators. Bacteriological analytical manual online. Washington DC: FDA CFSAN, Jan 2001 [Full text]
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Stanker LH, Merril P, Scotcher MC, et al. Development and partial characterization of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies for botulinum toxin type A and their use in analysis of milk by sandwich ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2008 Jul 20;336(1):1-8 [Abstract]
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Taysse L, Daulon S, Calvet J, et al. Induction of acute lung injury after intranasal administration of toxin botulinum a complex. Toxicol Pathol 2005;33(3):336-42 [Abstract]
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Thompson JA, Filloux FM, Van Orman CB, et al. Infant botulism in the age of botulism immune globulin. Neurology 2005 Jun 28;64(12):2029-32 [Abstract]
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