Anthrax Resource List

Key Resources for the Practicing Clinician
Images
Diagnosis and Management
Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment
Vaccine
Epidemiology
Public Health
Infection Control and Worker Protection
Laboratory Resources

Key Resources for the Practicing Clinician

AAP. The child with suspected anthrax exposure or infection, Dec 20, 2001 [Web page]

CDC. Anthrax: what every clinician should know [Webcast]

CDC. Anthrax: what every clinician should know II [Webcast]

CDC. Anthrax information for lab and health professionals [Web page]

CDC. Considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(44):984-6 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(43);941-8 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001. MMWR 2001;50(42)909-19 [Full text]

CDC. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 2000;40(RR15):1-20 [Full text]

Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, et al. Anthrax. N Engl J Med 1999:341:815-26 [Abstract]

Fine AM, Wong, JB, Fraser HS, et al. Is it influenza or anthrax? A decision analytic approach to the treatment of patients with influenza-like illnesses. Ann Emerg Med 2004 Mar;43(3):318-28 [Abstract]

Friedlander AM. Anthrax. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Chap 22. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center [Full text]

Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA 2002;287(17) [Full text]

Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(6):933-44 [Full text]

Univerity of Pittsburgh Medical Center: Center for Biosecurity. Formerly Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies, Johns Hopkins University [Home page]

Swartz MN. Recognition and management of anthraxan update. N Engl J Med 2001;345(22):1621-6 [Full text]

US Postal Service. Information on handling mail [Web page]

Images

Cutaneous anthrax images (CDC) [Web page]

Cutaneous anthrax infection (Roche KJ, Chang MW, Lazarus H. N Engl J Med 2001;345[22]:1611) [Web page]

Histopathology, microbiology, skin lesions, and chest x-ray findings (Public Health Image Library) [Web page]

Inhalational anthrax images (CDC) [Web page]

Diagnosis and Management

AAP. The child with suspected anthrax exposure or infection [Full text]

AAP Committee on Environmental Health and Committee on Infectious Diseases. Chemical-biological terrorism and its impact on children: a subject review. Pediatrics 2000;105(3 Pt 1)662-70 [Abstract]

Abramova FA, Grinberg LM, Yampolskaya OV. Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993;90:2291-4

Amadi S, Dutz W, Kohout E, et al. Human anthrax in Iran: report of 300 cases and review of the literature. Tropenmed Parasitol 1974;25(1):96-104

Barakat LA, Quentzel, HL, Jernigan JA, et al, for the Anthrax Bioterrorism Investigation Team. Fatal inhalational anthrax in a 94-year-old Connecticut woman. JAMA 2002;2287:863-7 [Abstract]

Beatty ME, Ashford DA, Griffin PM, et al. Gastrointestinal anthrax: review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 2003 Nov 10;163(20):2527-31 [Abstract]

Bell DM, Kozarsky PE, Stephens DS. Clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(2):222-5 [Full text]

Borio L, Frank D, Mani V, et al. Death due to bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: report of 2 patients. JAMA 2001:286(20):2554-9 [Full text]

Bush LM. Abrams BH, Beall A, et al. Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001;345(22):1607-10 [Full text]

CDC. Anthrax: what every clinician should know [Webcast, Oct 18, 2001]

CDC. Anthrax: what every clinician should know II [Webcast, Nov 1, 2001]

CDC. Considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(44):984-6 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(43);941-8 [Full text]

Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, et al. Anthrax. N Engl J Med 1999:341:815-26 [Abstract]

Doganay M, Almac A, Hanagasi R. Primary throat anthrax: a report of six cases. Scand J Infect Dis 1986;18:415-9 [Abstract]

Doganay M, Aygen B. Diagnosis: cutaneous anthrax. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:725

Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997;278(5):399-411 [Abstract]

Freedman A, Afonj O, Wu Chang M, et al. Cutaneous anthrax associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and coagulopathy in a 7-month-old infant. JAMA 2002;287:869-74 [Abstract]

Friedlander AM. Clinical aspects, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. J Appl Microbiol 1999;87:303 [Abstract]

Gold H. Anthrax: a report of one hundred seventeen cases. Arch Intern Med 1955;96:387-96

Hanna P. Anthrax pathogenesis and host response. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998;225:13-35 [Abstract]

Hartley HA, Baeumner AJ. Biosensor for the specific detection of a single viable B anthracis spore. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003 Jun;376(3):319-27 [Abstract]

Hoffmaster AR, Ravel J, Rasko DA, et al. Identification of anthrax toxin genes in a Bacillus cereus associated with an illness resembling inhalation anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004 Jun 1;101(22):8449-54 [Full text]

Hupert N, Bearman GML, Mushlin AI, et al. Accuracy of screening for inhalational anthrax after a bioterrorist attack. Ann Intern Med 2003 Sep 2;139(5 Pt 1):337-81 [Full text]

Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA 2002;287(17) [Full text]

Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(6):933-44 [Full text]

Kadanali A, Tasyaran MA, Kadanali S. Anthrax during pregnancy: case reports and review. Clin Infect Dis 2003 May 15;36(10):1343-6 [Abstract]

Kanafani ZA, Ghossain A, Sharara AI, et al. Endemic gastrointestinal anthrax in 1960s Lebanon: clinical manifestations and surgical findings. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 May;9(5):520-5 [Full text]

Kuehnert MJ, Doyle TJ, Hill HA, et al. Clinical features that discriminate inhalational anthrax from other acute respiratory illnesses. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Feb 1;36(3):328-36 [Abstract]

Kunanusont C, Limpakarnjanarat K, Foy H. Outbreak of anthrax in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1990:84(5):507-12 [Abstract]

Lanska DJ. Anthrax meningoencephalitis. Neurology 2002 Aug 13;59(3):327-34 [Abstract]

Manios S, Kavaliotis I. Anthrax in children: a long forgotten, potentially fatal infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1979;11:203-6

Mayer TA, Bersoff-Matcha S, Murphy C, et al. Clinical presentation of inhalational anthrax following bioterrorism exposure: report of 2 surviving patients. JAMA 2001;286(20):2549-53 [Full text]

Meyer MA. Neurologic complications of anthrax: a review of the literature. Arch Neurol 2003 Apr;60(4):483-8 [Abstract]

Mina B, Dym JP; Kuepper F, et al. Fatal inhalational anthrax with unknown source of exposure in a 61-year-old woman in New York City. JAMA. 2002;287:858-62 [Abstract]

Nelson LS, Hanner R, Hoffman RS. Cutaneous anthrax infection (Letter) New Engl J Med 2002;346(12):945

Pfisterer RM. [An anthrax epidemic in Switzerland: clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological aspects of a mostly forgotten disease. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1991 Jun 1;12(22):813-25] [Abstract]

Plotkin SA, Brachman PS, Utell M, et al. An epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century. I. Clinical features. Am J Med 1960;29:992-1001

Rangel RA, Gonzalez DA. Bacillus anthracis meningitis. Neurology 1975;25:525-30

Reissman DB, Whitney EA, Taylor TH Jr, et al. One-year health assessment of adult survivors of Bacillus anthracis infection. JAMA 2004 Apr 28;291(16):1994-8 [Abstract]

Shafazand S. When bioterrorism strikes: diagnosis and management of inhalational anthrax. Semin Respir Infect 2003 Sep;18(3):134-45 [Abstract]

Shafazand S, Doyle R, Ruoss S, et al. Inhalational anthrax: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Chest 1999;116(5):1369-76 [Full text]

Shlyakhov E, Rubinstein E. Evaluation of the anthraxin skin test for diagnosis of acute and past human anthrax. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996 Mar;15(3):242-5 [Abstract]

Sirisanthana T, Navachareon N, Tharavichitkul P, et al. Outbreak of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax: an unusual manifestation of human infection with Bacillus anthracis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984;33(1):144-50 [Abstract]

Swartz MN. Recognition and management of anthraxan update. N Engl J Med 2001;345(22):1621-6 [Full text]

Tabatabaie P, Syadati A. Bacillus anthracis as a cause of bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12(12):1035-7

USAMRIID. Medical management of biological casualties handbook. Ed 4. Fort Detrick, Md: US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 2001 [Full text]

Wiesen AR, Littell CT. Relationship between prepregnancy anthrax vaccination and pregnancy and birth outcomes among US army women. JAMA 2002;287(12):1556-60 [Full text]

Postexposure Prophylaxis and Treatment

ACOG. Advisory to physicians on anthrax treatment of pregnant women [Full text]

Blank S, Moskin LC, Zucker JR. An ounce of prevention is a ton of work: mass antibiotic prophylaxis for anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):615-22 [Full text]

Brookmeyer R, Blades N. Prevention of inhalational anthrax in the US outbreak. Science 2002;295(5561):1861 [Full textavailable to Science subscribers only]

Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Bollinger R. Modeling the optimum duration of antibiotic prophylaxis in an anthrax outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003 Aug 19;100(17):10129-32 [Abstract]

Cavallo JD, Ramisse F, Girardet M, et al. Antibiotic susceptibilities of 96 isolates of Bacillus anthracis isolated in France between 1994 and 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Jul;46(7):2307-9 [Full text]

CDC. Additional options for preventive treatment for persons exposed to inhalational anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(50):1142 [Full text]

CDC. Adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employeesNew Jersey, New York City, and the District of Columbia metropolitan area, 2001. MMWR 2001:50(47):1051-4 [Full text]

CDC. Interim recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for children and breastfeeding mothers and treatment of children with anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(45):1014-6 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines, October 2001. MMWR 2001;50(41):889-93 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001. MMWR 2001:50(42):909-19 [Full text].

CDC. Updated recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis among asymptomatic pregnant women after exposure to Bacillus anthracis MMWR 2001;50(43):960 [Full text]

CDC. Use of ciprofloxacin or doxycycline for postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of inhalational anthrax (Health Advisory Oct 31, 2001) [Full text]

Coker PR, Smith KL, Hugh-Jones ME. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of diverse Bacillus anthracis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Dec;46(12):3843-5 [Full text]

Doust JY, Sarkarzadeh A, Kavoossi K. Corticosteriod in treatment of malignant edema of chest wall and neck (anthrax). Dis Chest 1968;53:773-4

FDA. Doxycycline and penicillin G procaine administration for inhalational anthrax (post-exposure). Fed Reg 2001;66-55679-82 [Full text]

FDA. Information for consumers on Cipro [Web page]

Friedlander AM, Welkos SL, Pitt MLM, et al. Postexposure prophylaxis against inhalation anthrax. J Infect Dis 1993;167:1239-42 [Abstract]

Henderson DW, Peacock S, Belton FC. Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey. J Hyg 1956;54:28-36

Jefferds MD, Laserson K, Fry AM, et al. Adherence to antimicrobial inhalational anthrax prophylaxis among postal workers. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1138-44 [Full text]

Kelly DJ, Chulay JD, Mikesell P. Serum concentrations of penicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin during prolonged therapy in rhesus monkeys. J Infect Dis 1992;166:184-7

Maynard JA, Maassen CB, Leppla SH, et al. Protection against anthrax toxin by recombinant antibody fragments correlates with antigen affinity. Nat Biotechnol 2002 Jun;20(6):597-601 [Full text]

Mohammed MJ, Marston CK, Popovic T, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Bacillus anthracis: comparison of results obtained by using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution reference and Etest agar gradient diffusion methods. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Jun;40(6):1902-7 [Full text]

Shepard CW, Soriano-Gabarro M, Zell ER, et al. Antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis for anthrax: adverse events and adherence. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1124-32 [Full text]

Williams JL, Noviello SS, Griffith KS, et al. Anthrax postexposure prophylaxis in postal workers, Connecticut, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1033-7 [Full text]

Vaccine

BioPort Corporation. Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (Biothrax) [Package insert]

BioPort Corporation [Home page for FAQs, click News Room]

Brachman PS, Gold H, Plotkin SA, et al. Field evaluation of a human anthrax vaccine. Am J Public Health 1962;52:432-445

Cataldi A, Mock M, Bentancor L. Characterization of Bacillus anthracis strains used for vaccination. J Appl Microbiol 2000 Apr;88(4):648-54 [Abstract]

CDC. Status of the US Department of Defense preliminary evaluation of the association of anthrax vaccination and congenital anomalies. MMWR 2002;51(06):127 [Full text]

CDC. Surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination US Department of Defense, 1998-2000. MMWR 2000;49(16):341-5 [Full text]

CDC. Use of anthrax vaccine in response to terrorism: supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 2002 Nov 15;51(45):1024-6 [Full text]

CDC. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 2000;40(RR15):1-20 [Full text]

Cieslak TH, Christopher GW, Kortepeter MG, et al. Immunization against potential biological warfare agents. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30(6):843-50 [Full text]

Coker PR, Smith KL, Fellows PF, et al. Bacillus anthracis virulence in guinea pigs vaccinated with anthrax vaccine adsorbed is linked to plasmid quantities and clonality. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Mar;41(3):1212-8 [Abstract]

Department of Defense (DoD). Anthrax vaccine immunization program [Home page]

FDA/CDC. Vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) [Home page]

Friedlander AM, Pittman PR, Parker GW. Anthrax vaccine: evidence for safety and efficacy against inhalational anthrax. JAMA 1999;282(22):2104-6 [Abstract]

Gladstone GP. Immunity to anthrax: Protective antigen present in cell-free culture filtrates. Br J Exp Pathol 1946;27:394-418

Grabenstein JD. Anthrax vaccine: a review. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003 Nov;23(4):713-30 [Abstract]

IOM. An assessment of the safety of anthrax vaccine: a letter report from the Committee on Health Effects Associated with Exposures During the Gulf War, Mar 30, 2000 [Full text]

IOM. The anthrax vaccine: Is it safe? Does It Work? Washington, DC: National Academy Press, March 2002 [Full text]

Mahlandt BG, Klein F, Lincoln RE et al. Immunologic studies of anthrax. IV. Evaluation of the immunogenicity of three components of anthrax toxin. J Immunol 1966;96:727-33

Nass M. Anthrax vaccine: model of a response to the biologic warfare threat. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1999;13(1):187-208 [Abstract]

Russell PK. Vaccines in civilian defense against bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5(4):492-3 [Full text]

Tierney BC, Martin SW, Franzke LH, et al. Serious adverse events among participants in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Anthrax Vaccine and Antimicrobial Availability Program for persons at risk for bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Oct 1;37(7):905-1 [Abstract]

Turnbull PCB. Anthrax vaccines: past, present, and future. Vaccine 1991;9:533-9 [Abstract]

Turnbull PCB, Broster MG, Carman JA, et al. Development of antibodies to protective antigen and lethal factor components of anthrax toxin in humans and guinea pigs and their relevance to protective immunity. Infect Immun 1986;52:356-63

Wiesen AR, Littell CT. Relationship between prepregnancy anthrax vaccination and pregnancy and birth outcomes among US army women. JAMA 2002;287(12):1556-60 [Abstract]

Epidemiology

Alibek K, Handelman S. Biohazard: the chilling true story of the largest covert biological weapons program in the worldtold from the inside by the man who ran it. New York: Random House, 1999

Brachman PS. Anthrax. In: Warren KS, Mahmoud AF, eds. Tropical and geographic medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984:826-30

Brachman PS. Inhalation anthrax. Ann NY Acad Sci 1980;353:83-93

Brachman PS, Plotkin SA, Bumford FH, et al. An epidemic of inhalation anthrax: the first in the twentieth century. II. Epidemiology. Am J Hyg 1960;72:6-23

Brookmeyer R, Blades N, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The statistical analysis of truncated data: application to the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak. Biostatistics 2001;2(2):233-47 [Abstract]

CDC. Human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock North Dakota, 2000. MMWR 2001;50(32):677-80 [Full text]

CDC. Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1994. MMWR 1995;43(53) [Full text]

CDC. Update: Investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax Connecticut, 2001. MMWR 2001;50(47):1049-51 [Full text]

Davies JCA. A major epidemic of anthrax in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 1982;28:291-8

Dewan PK, Fry AM, Laserson K, et al. Inhalational anthrax outbreak among postal workers, Washington, DC, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1066-72 [Full text]

Dull PM, Wilson KE, Kournikakis B, et al. Bacillus anthracis aerosolization associated with a contaminated mail sorting machine. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1044-7 [Full text]

Fennelly KP, Davidow AL, Miller SL, et al. Airborne infection with Bacillus anthracisfrom mills to mail. Perspective) Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jun;10(6):996-1001 [Full text]

Greene CM, Reefhuis J, Tan, C, et al. Epidemiologic investigations of bioterrorism-related anthrax, New Jersey, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1048-55 [Full text]

Griffith KS, Mead P, Armstrong GL, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax in an elderly woman, Connecticut, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):681-8 [Full text]

Holtz TH, Ackelsberg J, Kool JL, et al. Isolated case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):689-96 [Full text]

Jernigan DB, Raghunathan PL, Bell BP, et al. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1019-28 [Full text]

Levin DB, Valadares De Amorim G. Potential for aerosol dissemination of biological weapons: lessons from biological control of insects. Biosec Bioterr 2003;1(1):37-42 [Full text]

Manchee RJ, Broster MG, Stagg AJ, et al. Out of Gruinard Island. Salisbury Med Bull 1990;68(Special Suppl):17-8

Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994;266:1202-8 [Abstract]

Ndyabahinduka DGK, Chu IH, Abdou AH, et al. An outbreak of human gastrointestinal anthrax. Ann Ist Super Santa 1984;20(2-3):205-8

Smyth, HF. A 20 year history of anthrax in the U.S.A.. In: Symposium on anthrax. Harrisburg, Pa: Department of Health, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Apr 1, 1941

Traeger MS, Wiersma ST, Rosenstein NE, et al. First case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax in the United States, Palm Beach County, Florida, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1029-34 [Full text]

Watson A, Keir D. Information on which to base assessments of risk from environments contaminated with anthrax spores. Epidemiol Infect 1994;113:479-90 [Abstract]

Public Health

Blank S, Moskin LC, Zucker JR. An ounce of prevention is a ton of work: mass antibiotic prophylaxis for anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):615-22 [Full text]

Brookmeyer R, Blades N. Prevention of inhalational anthrax in the US outbreak. Science 2002;295(5561):1861 [Full textavailable to Science subscribers only]

Butler JC, Cohen ML, Friedman CR, et al. Collaboration between public health and law enforcement: new paradigms and partnerships for bioterrosim planning and response. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1152-6 [Full text]

CDC. Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response. Recommendations of the CDC strategic planning workgroup. MMWR 2000:49(RR04):1-14 [Full text]

CDC. Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management United States, 1998. MMWR 1999;48(4)69-74 [Full text]

CDC. Case of cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker [Press release, Mar 13, 2002]

CDC. Emergency response [Web page]

CDC. Evaluation of Bacillus anthracis contamination inside the Brentwood mail processing and distribution centerDistrict of Columbia, October 2001. MMWR 2001;50(50):1129-33 [Full text]

CDC. Information for mail handlers [Web page]

CDC. Interim guidelines for investigation of and response to Bacillus anthracis exposures. MMWR 2001;50(44):987-90 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, 2001. MMWR 2001;50(45):1008-1010 [Full text]

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthraxConnecticut, 2001. MMWR 2001;50(48):1077-9 [Full text]

CDC. Medical examiners, coroners, and biologic terrorism: a guidebook for surveillance and case management. MMWR 2004 Jun 11;53(RR08):1-36 [Full text]

CDC. Responding to detection of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis by autonomous detection systems in the workplace. MMWR 2004 Jun 4;53(RR07):1-12 [Full text]

CDC. Strategic National Stockpile [Web page]

CDC. Public health emergency preparedness and response [Home page]

CDC. Suspected cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker Texas 2002. MMWR 2002;51(13):279-81 [Full text]

Dewan PK, Fry AM, Laserson K, et al. Inhalational anthrax outbreak among postal workers, Washington, DC, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10)1066-72 [Full text]

Henderson DA. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4(3):488-92 [Full text]

Henderson DA. The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science 1999;283:1279-82 [Abstract] [Full textavailable to Science subscribers only]

Henderson DA. The science of bioterrorism: HHS preparedness. Testimony before House Committee on Science, Dec 5, 2001 [Full text]

Hsu VP, Lukacs SL, Handzel T, et al. Opening a Bacillus anthraciscontaining envelope, Capitol Hill, Washington, DC: the public health response. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1039-43 [Full text]

Hughes JM, Gerberding JL. Anthrax bioterrorism: lessons learned and future directions. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1013-4 [Full text]

Inglesby TV, O'Toole T, Henderson DA. Preventing the use of biological weapons: improving response should prevention fail. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30(6):926-9 [Full text]

Kaufmann AF, Meltzer MI, Schmid GP. The economic impact of a bioterrorist attack: are prevention and postattack intervention programs justifiable? Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3(2):83-94 [Full text]

Macintyre AG, Christopher GW, Eitzen E Jr, et al. Weapons of mass destruction events with contaminated casualtieseffective planning for health care facilities. JAMA 2000;283(2):242-9 [Abstract]

McDade JE, Franz D. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4(3):493-4 [Full text]

OTA. Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction: assessing the risks. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, Aug 1993:553-5. Publication OTA-ISC-559 [Full textNote: Click on the year, 93, at left of page reach, then scroll to title]

Perkins BA, Popovic T, Yeskey K. Public health in the time of bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1015-8 [Full text]

Peters CJ, Hartley DM. Anthrax inhalation and lethal human infection. Lancet 2002 Feb 23;359(9307):710-1 [Link to full text]

Richards EP. Collaboration between public health and law enforcement: the constitutional challenge. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1157-9 [Full text]

Rose L, Jensen B, Peterson A, et al. Swab materials and Bacillus anthracis spore recovery from nonporous surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10(6):1023-9 [Full text]

Spotts Whitney EA, Beatty ME, Taylor TH, et al. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):623-7 [Full text]

Turnbull PCB. Guidelines for the surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals. Ed 3. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, 1998 [Full text]

US Postal Service. Information on handling mail [Web page]

US Postal Service. Security of the mail [Web page]

Weis CP, Intrepido AJ, Miller AK, et al. Secondary aerosolization of viable Bacillus anthracis spores in a contaminated US Senate office. JAMA 2002 Dec 11;288(22):2853-8 [Abstract]

WHO. Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization;1970:98

Zillinskas RA. Iraq's biological weapons: the past as future? JAMA 1997;278(5):418-24 [Abstract]

Infection Control and Worker Protection

APIC/CDC. Bioterrorism readiness plan: a template for healthcare facilities. Apr 13, 1999 [Full text]

CDC. Information for mail handlers [Web page]

CDC. Interim recommendations for firefighters and other first responders for the selection and use of protective clothing and respirators against biological agents [Full text]

CDC. Protecting investigators performing environmental sampling for Bacillus anthracis: personal protective equipment [Full text]

OSHA. Protecting the worksite against terrorism: Anthrax [Web page]

Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Recognition and management of anthrax. (Letter) N Engl J Med 2002;346(12):943-6

Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Risks and prevention of nosocomial transmission of rare zoonotic diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32(3):446-56 [Abstract]

Laboratory Resources

Alexeter Technologies, LLC [Home page]

Bell CA, Uhl JR, Hadfield TL, et al. Detection of Bacillus anthracis DNA by LightCycler PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002 Aug;40(8):2897-902 [Abstract]

CDC. Acceptable biological specimens needed for testing for anthrax [Web page]

CDC. Anthrax information for lab and health professionals [Web page]

CDC. Approved tests for the detection of Bacillus anthracis in the Laboratory Response Network [Web page]

CDC. Biosafety documents [Web page]

CDC. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (BMBL). Ed 4, April 1999 [Full text]

CDC. Comprehensive procedures for collecting environmental samples for culturing Bacillus anthracis. Apr 2002 [Full text]

CDC. Coping with bioterrorismthe role of the laboratorian [Webcast, Nov 9, 2001]

CDC. Facts about the Laboratory Response Network [Web page]

CDC. FAQs about anthraxlaboratory testing [Web page]

CDC. Hand-held immunoassays for detection of Bacillus anthracis. Oct 18, 2001 [Full text]

CDC. Laboratory Response Network for bioterrorism [PowerPoint presentation]

CDC. Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. MMWR 2002 Dec 6;51(RR-19):1-6 [Full text]

CDC. Level A laboratory procedures for identification of various agents, March 18, 2002 [Web page]

CDC. Procedures for collecting surface environmental samples for culturing Bacillus anthracis [Full text]

CDC. Select Agent Program [Web page]

CDC. Use of onsite technologies for rapidly assessing environmental Bacillus anthracis contamination on surfaces in buildings. MMWR 2001;50(48):1087 [Full text]

Coker PR, Smith KL, Hugh-Jones ME. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of diverse Bacillus anthracis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Dec;46(12):3843-5 [Full text]

Coppen MJ, Noble CJ, Aubrey C. Evaluation of buffy-coat microscopy for the early diagnosis of bacteraemia. J Clin Pathol 1981;34:1375-1377 [Abstract]

De BK, Bragg SSL, Sanden GN, et al. A two-component direct fluorescent-antibody assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1060-5 [Full text]

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