Four African nations report more vaccine-derived polio cases

News brief

Four African countries reported more polio cases this week, all involving vaccine-derived strains, including the first of the year in Burundi and Guinea, according to the latest weekly update from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI).

Burundi's case involves circulating vaccine-derive poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). The patient is from Kayanza. The country reported one such case in 2022.

Guinea reported a cVDPV2 case in Kankan, its first since 2021. The GPEI said the investigation suggests the case is linked to circulation that began in Nigeria's Zamfara state.

Elsewhere, Chad reported 3 more cVDPV2 cases in two locations, bringing its total for the year to 23. And the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) reported 2 cVDPV2 cases, 1 each in Kasai Oriental and Tanganyika provinces, lifting the year's total to 62. The DRC also reported 1 more case involving circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 (cVDPV1), in a patient from Haut Katanga province, putting the 2023 total at 47 such cases.

COVID-19 tied to dangerous blood clots in cancer patients

News brief

Jim Wappes

Cancer patient on oxygen The risk of developing venous thromboembolisms—potentially serious blood clots in the veins—is elevated among cancer patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and taking anticancer drugs, according to a study yesterday in JAMA Oncology.

A team of researchers from across the United States analyzed data on 4,988 cancer patients worldwide who had lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 2020 to December 2021. They compared the 1,869 patients who had received systemic anticancer therapies such as endocrine therapy, immunomodulators, and chemotherapy in the 3 months before COVID-19 with those who hadn't.

The researchers found that the relative risk of venous thromboembolism was 33% higher in those taking systemic anticancer treatment compared with those who weren't (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.69). The drugs, however, were not tied to a higher risk of arterial thromboembolism (aRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.16).

Higher risk in Black patients

They also discovered that Black patients had a higher risk of thromboembolic events (TEEs) (aRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.50) than White patients.

Patients with TEEs had high intensive care unit admission (46%) and mechanical ventilation (31%) rates. The risk of death in patients with TEEs was associated with poor physical abilities (aRR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.30 to 2.40) and active or progressing cancer (aRR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.13).

These findings highlight the need for close monitoring and perhaps personalized thromboprophylaxis.

"These findings highlight the need for close monitoring and perhaps personalized thromboprophylaxis to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19–related thromboembolism in patients with cancer," the authors concluded, referring to patient-tailored drugs that prevent blood clots.