Poor, non-white districts less likely to reopen, study finds
A study yesterday in Journal of School Choice found that US schools in poor districts with large non-white student populations are less likely to reopen fully for the 2020 to 2021 academic year.
Researchers analyzed back-to-the-classroom plans for schools between Aug 5 and Aug 21 in all 50 states, including 120 of the largest school districts. They found that only 6.7% of schools serving a high number of non-white students and 13.3% of high-poverty districts planned to offer face-to-face lessons in the fall. Of the nation's largest school districts, 69% intended to restrict lessons to remote learning.
Nearly all states provided reopening guidance that included strong recommendations or mandates for mask-wearing, provisions for student mask breaks when outdoors or distanced, learning alternatives offered for at-risk students (and staff, in some states), district-level latitude for decision-making, and family choice to begin the year with remote instruction.
"One of the biggest takeaways from this work is that despite the lack of a national blueprint for reopening, states made many similar decisions," the researchers noted.
The authors anticipated that high-poverty districts might be more likely to reopen because of low-income families' child-care and food needs, but found the opposite. "Only four of the 30 poorest districts are opening the school year with in-person instruction," and "Only two of the 31 districts that serve student bodies that are 85% or more nonwhite are opening their campuses this fall," the authors found, perhaps reflecting the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on people of color and a low level of trust in government response to the pandemic among racial and ethnic minority groups.
"The disruption caused by the pandemic represents a crossroads for public education in the United States," lead author David Marshall, PhD, of Auburn University said in a news release yesterday, noting that more learning choices for families during the pandemic could shift future educational policy. "Parents may emerge from this moment more empowered than before and be ready to take greater responsibility over their children's education. Or they may find themselves weary of the stress caused by the pandemic and ready for a return to what they were accustomed to prior to this disruption," Marshall commented.
Oct 14 J Sch Choice study
Oct 14 Taylor & Francis Group news release
More evidence of COVID-19 protection for people with type O blood
Two retrospective studies in Blood Advances yesterday add evidence for an association between blood type and COVID-19 vulnerability, indicating that people with blood type O may be less susceptible to infection and experience milder disease.
A Danish study compared data from around 473,000 COVID-19–positive individuals with a control group of 2.2 million people in the general population, finding fewer infected people with blood type O (risk ratio [RR], 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82 to 0.91, P < 0.001) and more people with A, B, and AB types. No associations were found between non-O blood groups and comorbidities that might explain infection rate differences.
The authors hypothesize that the presence of virus-neutralizing anti-A and anti-B antibodies on mucosal surfaces of some type O individuals may explain the relative protection for this blood type.
A second study of 95 critically ill COVID-19 patients in a Vancouver, Canada, hospital found that—after adjusting for sex, age, and comorbidities—patients with blood types A or AB were more likely to require mechanical ventilation than patients with types O or B (84% vs 61%, P = 0.02), indicating higher rates of lung damage.
Patients with blood types A and AB also had higher rates of dialysis for kidney failure, suggesting increased organ dysfunction or failure due to COVID-19 (32% vs 95%, P = 0.004). Patients with blood types A and AB did not have longer hospital stays than those with types O or B, but they did experience longer intensive care unit stays, which may signal greater COVID-19 severity.
"The unique part of our study is our focus on the severity effect of blood type on COVID-19. We observed this lung and kidney damage, and in future studies, we will want to tease out the effect of blood group and COVID-19 on other vital organs," said study author Mypinder S. Sekhon, MD, of the University of British Columbia in a news release yesterday. "Of particular importance as we continue to traverse the pandemic, we now have a wide range of survivors who are exiting the acute part of COVID-19, but we need to explore mechanisms by which to risk stratify those with longer-term effects," he added.
Oct 14 Blood Adv study on COVID-19 prevalence
Oct 14 Blood Adv study on COVID-19 severity
Oct 14 American Society of Hematology news release
Avian flu strikes birds in Israel, Russia, and South Africa
In the latest avian flu outbreak developments, Israel and Russia reported more highly pathogenic H5N8 outbreaks, and South Africa reported more low-pathogenic H7 detections at commercial ostrich farms, according to the latest notifications from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).
In Israel, animal health officials reported an outbreak at a poultry breeding farm in the Maanit kibbutz in the country's north, which began on Oct 12 and killed 800 of 35,000 susceptible birds. The survivors were culled as part of the outbreak response. The investigation suggests that the source of the virus is probably migratory birds at a pond near the farm.
In a separate report, officials reported an H5N8 outbreak at a zoo in Jerusalem. It began on Oct 12, affecting 6 of 26 black swans, of which 4 were found dead. Officials said the source of the virus is likely contact with wild species, given that birds from Europe are currently migrating over Israel.
Elsewhere, Russia reported two more H5N8 outbreaks in backyard birds from earlier affected Omsk oblast in the country's southwest. The events began on Sep 30 and killed 62 of 1,776 susceptible birds. The rest were slated for culling.
In low-pathogenic developments, South Africa reported two more H7 detections at commercial ostrich farms, all in Western Cape province in the south. The outbreaks occurred in the last half of August, sickening 83 of 2,492 susceptible birds.
Oct 13 OIE report on H5N8 at Israeli poultry breeder
Oct 14 OIE report on H5N8 at a Jerusalem zoo
Oct 14 OIE report on H5N8 in Russia
Oct 14 OIE report on H7 in South Africa
Oct 13 OIE report on H7 in South Africa