A new study from Boston University School of Public Health researchers shows 90% of corpses in a Zambian morgue were positive for COVID-19 during peak transmission, but only 10% of the individuals tested positive while alive. The study, published in BMJ Open, found that the overall postmortem positivity rate was 32%.

The study was conducted at a busy inner-city morgue in Lusaka. It involved 1,118 decedents among three waves of the pandemic, involving Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants, which peaked in July 2020, January 2021, and June 2021, respectively.

Overall, COVID-19 was detected among 32.0% (358/1,116) of the bodies. Antemortem (before-death) testing occurred for 52.6% (302/574) of facility deaths, but only 1.8% (10/544) of community deaths and overall, only approximately 10% of COVID-19 positive deaths were identified in life, the authors found. During peak transmission periods, COVID-19 was detected in approximately 90% of all deaths.

The authors of the study said the stark contrast is because antemortem testing was rarely done for those who died in the community. Antemortem testing occurred for 52.6% (302/574) of facility deaths, but only 1.8% (10/544) of community deaths, the authors said.

The study may help explain the relatively low COVID-19 death rates reported in Africa compared to the rest of the world: Africa has reported more than 12 million COVID-19 cases and 260,000 deaths, compared to the United States, which has reported 100 million cases and 1.08 million deaths.

"We tend to think of this just in terms of poor health and a high incidence of infectious diseases, but it also reflects the ability of poorer countries to map the impact of such diseases on its populations," said Christopher Gill, PhD, lead author of the study, in a press release. "Rather than an 'African paradox,' the far simpler explanation is that COVID-19 has affected African countries just as the virus has everywhere else, but has gone undocumented."

Amid case surges after the easing of zero-COVID policies in China, citizens there are scrambling to stockpile pain and fever medications, and in case they can't, the traditional home remedy of canned yellow peaches, CNN reports.

The panic buying is leading to online and in-store shortages of over-the-counter drugs such as Tylenol and Advil to treat the symptoms of potential COVID-19 infections. Chinese officials said that as of today, they had detected 2,249 symptomatic infections across the country, of which 20% were identified in the capital city of Beijing. CNN, however, estimates the case count in that city could be much higher than reported.

'No need to panic'

Also sold out in many online stores were canned yellow peaches, considered in many parts of China to be a very nutritious delicacy. In response, Dalian Leasun Food, one of the largest producers of canned food in the country, released a statement on weibo.com late last week saying that the peaches don't have any therapeutic effect, CNN reports.

"Canned yellow peaches ≠ medicines!" the company said in the post. "There is enough supply, so there is no need to panic. There is no rush to buy."

The Communist party's publication, The People's Daily, also encouraged the public not to stockpile the peaches because they are "useless in alleviating symptoms of illness" and to stop stocking up on medications.

According to The Economic Times, Chinese state media outlet The Economic Daily also discouraged amassing drugs to treat viral symptoms. "There is no scientific basis for irrationally buying and hoarding specific drugs," it wrote last week.

There is no scientific basis for irrationally buying and hoarding specific drugs.

Shares of Hong Kong–based Xinhua Pharmaceutical, which makes 40% of China's ibuprofen, rose 60% in the past 5 days; its stock has increased 147% so far this month, CNN reports. "Our company's production lines are operating at full capacity, and we are working overtime to produce urgently needed medicines, such as ibuprofen tablets," the company said on Dec 12.

Similarly, shares of Shenzhen-based Guizhou Bailing Group Pharmaceuticals, which makes cough syrup, have risen 21% this week and 51% this month.

In a report released today, the World Health Organization (WHO) said urgent action is needed if countries around the globe want to reach their water and sanitation goals. The WHO and UN-Water's Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) report shows significant barriers to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal 6—water and sanitation for all by 2030.

Only 45% countries are on track with their national safe drinking water targets, and 25% are on track with their sanitation goals. A third of countries don't have the human resources to carry out key drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) functions.

"We are facing an urgent crisis: Poor access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene claim millions of lives each year, while the increasing frequency and intensity of climate-related extreme weather events continue to hamper the delivery of safe WASH services," said Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, PhD, WHO director-general, in a news release.

Poor access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene claim millions of lives each year.

Key in the report are data concerning WASH and climate change: Just over two thirds of countries have measures in their WASH policies to reach populations disproportionately affected by climate change, the WHO said. But only about one third monitor progress or allocate explicit funding to these populations.

The report is published ahead of next year's historic water and sanitation meeting, the first time in 50 years the global community—through the UN—will review progress and make firm commitments to renew action on water and sanitation with global leaders, the WHO said.

A modeling study involving patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in three African countries found that, contrary to previous research, antibiotic misuse was most common among the least deprived, researchers reported this week in the Lancet Global Health.

In the mixed-methods study, researchers with the Holistic Approach to Unraveling Antimicrobial Resistance Consortium collected data from 6,827 outpatients with UTI symptoms in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda from Feb 10, 2019, to Sep 10, 2020.

Patients provided urine samples and answered a questionnaire about treatment seeking, antibiotic use, and knowledge of antibiotic resistance, and researchers conducted in-depth interviews and held focus-group discussions with a subset of patients. Using an adapted version of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (global MPI), the researchers then investigated the association between multidimensional poverty and antibiotic misuse, which included self-reported antibiotic self-medication and nonadherence (ie, skipping a dose or not completing a course).

Of the 6,345 patients with complete data (79.2% female, 60.5% younger than 35 years), 42.6% were not deprived, 9.5% were vulnerable to poverty, 16.6% were deprived, and 31.4% lived in severe poverty. Controlling for age and sex, the analysis found that all categories of antibiotic misuse were more common among those least deprived and lowest among those living in severe multidimensional poverty. Regardless of poverty status, difficulties in affording healthcare and more familiarity with antibiotics were related to more antibiotic misuse.

Data from 82 linked, qualitative, in-depth patient interviews and unlinked focus-group discussions with community members (44 groups) suggested that self-medication and treatment nonadherence were driven by perceived inconvenience of the healthcare system, financial barriers, time constraints, seeking healthcare advice from people other than doctors, and ease of unregulated antibiotic access.

The behaviours of less deprived people might contribute more to the development of antimicrobial resistance than previously acknowledged.

The authors note that the findings also call into question the idea that improving knowledge and awareness of antibiotics can improve antibiotic use.

"In conclusion, although poverty has an important role in the antimicrobial resistance crisis, we should not assume that poorer subgroups drive antibiotic misuse," they wrote. "The behaviours of less deprived people might contribute more to the development of antimicrobial resistance than previously acknowledged, yet they are the least likely to suffer the consequences."

Global flu activity continues to rise, mainly driven by ongoing high levels in North America and rising levels in Europe and a few other regions, the World Health Organization (WHO) said in its latest global flu update, which covers roughly the last half of November.

The United States, Canada, and Mexico all reported high levels, with the United States and Canada reporting markers above prepandemic levels. In Europe, nine countries are reporting widespread activity, mainly involving the H3N2 strain, but with the other strains also present. Eastern Europe, including Russia, is reporting rising 2009 H1N1 activity.

In East Asia, southern China and South Korea note increasing activity, mainly from H3N2. Also, a few countries in the Southern Hemisphere's temperate region continue to report elevated activity, including Argentina and Chile.

Globally, of respiratory specimens that tested positive for flu at national flu labs during the latter part of November, 97.9% were influenza A. Of the subtyped influenza A samples, 85.6% were H3N2.