The results of a randomized clinical trial show that early switch to oral antibiotic therapy was non-inferior to continuing intravenous (IV) therapy in patients with low-risk Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection, researchers reported yesterday in The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

The trial, conducted at 31 hospitals in Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, involved 213 patients (mean age, 63.5 years, 69% male) with low-risk S aureus bloodstream infection who were randomized 1:1 after 5 to 7 days of IV antibiotic therapy to switch to oral therapy or continue with IV therapy, with a total antibiotic duration of 14 days. The composite primary end point was the occurrence of any complication related to S aureus bloodstream infection within 90 days in the intention-to-treat population. The non-inferiority margin was 10%.

In the group that switched to oral antibiotics, 14 (13%) of 108 participants met the primary end point, compared with 13 (12%) of 105 in the IV group, with a treatment difference of 0.7 percentage points (95% confidence interval, –7.8 to 9.1), which met the non-inferiority criteria. In addition, hospital stays were shorter in the oral-switch group, with a median of 12 days versus 16 days for patients who remained on IV therapy.

In the oral-switch group, 36 (34%) of 107 participants in the safety population had at least one serious adverse event, compared with 27 (26%) of 103 participants in the IV group.

Simplifying treatment

While guidelines recommend at least 14 days of IV antibiotics for patients with low-risk S aureus bloodstream infection, the investigators say the results of the trial support an early switch to oral therapy for such patients, "provided a rigorous clinical assessment and close monitoring for complications are done."

"With these findings, it is possible to simplify treatment and to discharge patients more quickly," lead investigator Achim Kaasch, MD, head of the Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene at the Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany, said in a press release.

CARB-X announced today that it is awarding $1.7 million to St. Paul, Minnesota—based biotechnology company Syntiron to develop a maternal vaccine that targets two leading causes of neonatal sepsis.

The money will support early-stage development of Syntiron's Alloy-EK vaccine, which targets iron receptor proteins in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, the bacteria that cause a large portion of neonatal sepsis infections. A recent study estimates that sepsis—an overwhelming reaction to infection that can lead to organ failure and death—killed 2.5 million children under the age of 5 in 2017, mostly in low- and middle-income countries.

Because newborns are too young to be immunized, the vaccine would be given to expectant mothers, who are also at risk of urinary tract infections caused by these pathogens and can pass them on to newborns during childbirth. The hope is that vaccinated mothers would pass the antibodies on in utero and through breast milk and strengthen their newborns' immune system against infection.

Targeting a 'tremendous burden'

"The bacteria targeted by this vaccine are a tremendous burden on public health for babies, children, and adults worldwide," Syntiron Managing Director Lisa Herron-Olson, PhD, said in a CARB-X press release. "Preventing these infections by vaccination offers substantial potential health benefit to mothers and babies, while reducing the spread of antimicrobial resistance."

Syntiron's vaccine candidate is the most recent of the 94 early-stage projects designed to prevent, treat, and diagnose antibiotic-resistant infections that have been supported by CARB-X (the Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator) since it was founded in 2016.

Today in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, researchers with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describe a 2023 Pseudomonas outbreak tied to a hotel swimming pool that lacked a disinfectant feeder system.

Twenty-three of 26 people (88%) who swam in the Maine hotel pool on March 4 or 5 reported developing ear pain (70%), rash (65%), or pain or swelling in their feet and hands (30%) after a median of 1 day.

P aeruginosa is a virulent pathogen that has evolved mechanisms to resist antibiotics. Water-related cases can cause acute otitis externa ("swimmer's ear"), folliculitis (hot tub-related rash), and painful nodules on the soles or palms.

Multiple violations noted the previous year

Hotel management closed the pool after receiving guest complaints, and the CDC's Maine Health Inspection Program launched an investigation on March 8. Cultures of skin lesions from three swimmers revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Inspectors identified three violations, including having no disinfectant feeder system. The three violations and an additional one had been documented in a January 2022 inspection. "The pool logs for March 1–5 showed two compliant free chlorine concentration readings, not the expected 15, and both readings were dated March 3," the researchers wrote.

Inspectors were unable to collect environmental samples because hotel employees added an indeterminate amount of chlorine to the pool after it was closed. The pool remained closed while the violations were corrected, and a reinspection 1 month later found they had been addressed.

The pool logs for March 1–5 showed two compliant free chlorine concentration readings, not the expected 15, and both readings were dated March 3.

The researchers noted that hotel pools and hot tubs are the source of a third of treated recreational water–associated outbreaks and that P aeruginosa outbreaks typically occur from January to April. Health departments, they said, can help reduce the risk of these outbreaks by working with pool operators to ensure compliance with public health codes.

"Outbreak prevention strategies include maintaining chlorine concentration and otherwise vigilantly managing the pool, especially during January-April, and disseminating prevention messaging to pool and hot tub users," they wrote.

Three of 135 patients in a Brazilian cohort were reinfected with the Zika virus (ZIKV), according to a study published yesterday in Emerging Infectious Diseases.

A team led by Brazilian researchers sequenced 238 ZIKV genomes obtained from 135 adults who gave plasma, urine, or semen samples over 1 year to assess viral persistence. Participants were recruited within 1 week of Zika symptom onset from June 2017 to June 2019. The average patient age was 38 years.

ZIKV is transmitted in tropical and subtropical regions through the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. While 80% of Zika cases cause few or no symptoms, infected pregnant women can give birth to babies with severe birth defects, including microcephaly, an abnormally small head. After a large Zika outbreak occurred in Brazil in 2015, viral circulation declined, and cases are uncommon today.

Frequency of reinfection remains unknown

The viral genomes clustered with previously reported ZIKV strains from northern Brazil, and evidence suggested that the virus has mutated little over time and that within-host diversity was limited in most Zika-persistent samples.

But atypical virus temporal diversity was detected in samples from more than five participants, revealing divergent genomes in the same patients. These patients had elevated levels of neutralizing antibody levels, which fell off during recovery from infection only to rise again in three patients 6 months after the initial infection.

We underscore the necessity of implementing continuous surveillance strategies, which are vital for monitoring the evolutionary changes of viruses over time and gaining a comprehensive understanding of arbovirus diversity.

The three patients, who reported no symptoms, also tested positive for Zika on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), confirming reinfection.

Because Zika often does not require medical care, many reinfections may have gone unnoticed, the study authors said. "Our findings hold significant implications for public health, epidemiology, clinical practice, and diagnostics," they wrote. "However, the frequency of reinfections during the latest ZIKV outbreaks remains uncertain." 

"We underscore the necessity of implementing continuous surveillance strategies, which are vital for monitoring the evolutionary changes of viruses over time and gaining a comprehensive understanding of arbovirus diversity," the researchers added.